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Untitled Flashcards Set

📌 Chapter 7 / Lecture 6: Social Control Theories of Deviance

Key Theorists & Theories

  • Nye (1958): Deviance results from lack of social control

    • Four Clusters: Internalized control, Indirect control (parents), Direct control (punishment), Reasoned decision-making

  • Hirschi (1969) – Social Bond Theory

    • Elements: Attachment, Commitment, Involvement, Belief

  • Power-Control Theory (Hagan, Gillis, Simpson):

    • Household control reflects parental roles in workplace → gendered deviance

  • Self-Control Theory (Gottfredson & Hirschi):

    • Low self-control develops from lack of discipline, nurturance

    • Criminal acts are impulsive, thrilling, easy, short-term, harmful

  • Life Course Theory:

    • Bonds over time (marriage, job) can deter deviance; pathways change over life

Application

  • Strong bonds reduce deviance

  • Emphasizes parenting, early childhood development, and life transitions

Critiques

  • Best at predicting minor deviance

  • Does not fully explain chronic or serious deviance

📌 Chapter 8 / Lecture 7: Labeling Theory

Key Concepts

  • Looking-glass self (Cooley): Self-concept based on how others view us

  • Tannenbaum: "Tagging" and dramatization of evil

  • Lemert:

    • Primary deviance: Initial norm violation

    • Secondary deviance: Internalizing deviant identity

  • Labeling Process: Deviance → Reaction → Role engulfment → Secondary deviance

Important Theorists

  • Scheff: Labeling and mental illness (residual rule-breaking)

  • Matsueda: Parental labeling → self-concept → delinquency

  • Braithwaite (1989):

    • Reintegrative Shaming: Disapproval of act, not person → reduces recidivism

  • Davies & Tanner: Labeling effects on future employment

Applications

  • Explains stigma, long-term effects of criminal labels (job loss, social exclusion)

  • Used in juvenile justice reform, mental health advocacy

📌 Chapter 9 / Lecture 8: Marxist and Conflict Theories

Marxist Theory

  • Society is structured by class conflict and capitalism

  • Law serves interests of the ruling class

  • William Bonger: Capitalism breeds crime through inequality

  • Steven Spitzer: Monopoly capitalism criminalizes dissent (e.g., activists)

Conflict Theory

  • Gusfield: Law is both instrumental (control) and symbolic (norm reinforcement)

  • Vold: Group conflict is inevitable in pluralistic society

  • Quinney & Chambliss: Law is created to maintain power

Applications

  • Explains white-collar crime, institutional inequality

  • Critiques media, policing, and justice system biases

Critiques

  • Too focused on class, overlooks individual agency

  • Doesn’t fully address deviance in socialist systems

📌 Chapter 10 / Lecture 9: Critical Feminist and Race Theories

Feminist Criminology

  • Developed in the 1960s–70s to challenge sexist criminology

  • Focus: Patriarchy, structural oppression, and gendered experiences of deviance

  • Feminist lenses: Liberal, Radical, Socialist, Marxist, Postmodern

Critical Race Theory

  • Law, policing, and institutions reinforce white supremacy

  • Focus on power dynamics, intersectionality, and racial justice

Key Topics

  • Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)

  • Missing White Woman Syndrome

  • Victimization of Indigenous Women

  • Colonialism and structural violence

Biological vs Socialization Theories

  • Critique deterministic biological theories

  • Emphasize gendered socialization

📌 Chapter 11 / Lecture 11: Societal Responses to Deviance

Social Control

  • Formal: Laws, policies, punishment

  • Informal: Norms, values, stigma

Medicalization of Deviance

  • Mental illness → NCRMD (Not Criminally Responsible by Reason of Mental Disorder)

    • Sanctions: Detention, conditional/absolute discharge

Correctional System & Sanctions (Hagan's 7 purposes)

  • Restraint, Deterrence (specific & general), Rehabilitation, Moral affirmation, Retribution, Restitution

Sentencing Options

  • Jail, fines, probation, conditional sentences, discharges, community service, restorative justice

Gresham Sykes: Pains of Imprisonment

  • Liberty, Autonomy, Security, Goods/Services, Relationships

Collateral Consequences

  • Felon disenfranchisement, weakened families, employment barriers, child vulnerability

📌 Chapter 12 / Lecture 6 (Part 2): Deviant Careers

Deviant Career Path

  • Onset → Escalation/Persistence → Desistance

Risk Factors

  • Individual traits, peer influence, school failure, family issues, poor community context

Protective Factors

  • Community involvement, school programs, supportive family

Escalation/Persistence

  • Often due to lack of social bonds or control

  • Offenders may be generalists, not specialists

Desistance

  • Influenced by new social bonds (e.g., marriage, job)

  • Often difficult due to stigma and structural barriers

✍ EXAM TIPS

Definitions to Know

  • Primary/Secondary deviance

  • Self-control

  • Labeling

  • Social bonds

  • Marxism/conflict theory

  • Restorative justice

  • Deviant career

Essay Practice Ideas

  1. Compare and contrast Social Control Theory and Labeling Theory.

  2. How does Marxist theory explain corporate crime vs street crime?

  3. Discuss the implications of labeling on youth deviance and career trajectories.

  4. How do feminist and critical race perspectives challenge traditional criminology?