Dreadnot by Robert Massie

Overview of the German Challenge

Blood and Iron

• This concept coined by Otto von Bismarck that encapsulates his approach to unifying Germany through military strength and political maneuvering.

Prussian Ascendancy

• After the Congress of Vienna, Prussia emerged as the dominant German state, acquiring lands rich in resources and population following the defeat of Napoleon.

• In 1815, Prussia's reforms included giving up territories and gaining substantial lands, including densely populated regions with industrial potential.

The Role of Industry and Railways

• The growth of industry and transportation in the early 19th century fueled the push for German unification.

• Creation of the Zollverein (Customs Union) in 1834 facilitated economic cooperation among German states.

• Enhanced railway networks improved connectivity, promoting trade and cohesion among states.

Bismarck: The Architect of Unification

• Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) known for his diplomatic savvy and strong will, played a pivotal role in unifying Germany.

• He served as Prussia’s Minister-President from 1862 and later as Imperial Chancellor, asserting Prussian dominance over Austria and France.

• Physical description: Over six feet tall, muscular but with small hands and delicate features, Bismarck’s presence commanded respect.

Political Philosophy and Character

• Bismarck was a complex character: self-confident, intelligent, yet capable of ruthlessness and cunning.

• He believed in realpolitik — politics based on practical and tactical considerations rather than moral or ideological beliefs.

• Known for his charm and ruthlessness; treated subordinates as tools rather than allies.

Bismarck’s Early Life and Education

• Born a Junker in Prussia, Bismarck's upbringing shaped his future political views.

• Educated at Göttingen University, he mingled with aristocrats rather than liberal students, indulging in dueling and drinking.

• His formative years fostered a mix of intellectual curiosity and a disdain for the liberal agenda.

Initial Political Engagement

• First governmental role in Aachen, where he witnessed political grievances of various social classes.

• Bismarck’s political career began as an ambassador, where he honed his diplomatic skills in Frankfurt, navigating the intricacies of the German Confederation.

The Wars of German Unification

The Danish War (1864)

• Bismarck’s first military success came with the liberation of Schleswig and Holstein from Denmark, establishing Prussian military prestige.

The Austro-Prussian War (1866)

• Bismarck provoked Austria into war to exclude it from German affairs and defeat it decisively at the Battle of Königgrätz.

• After a quick victory, Bismarck's diplomatic strategy focused on avoiding total humiliation of Austria to maintain a balance of power.

Formation of North German Confederation

• Resulted from the Treaty of Prague following the Austro-Prussian War, solidifying Prussia’s influence in northern Germany and laying groundwork for future unity.

Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)

• Bismarck used tensions with France, particularly concerning the Spanish crown, to unify German states against a common enemy.

• French defeat at the Battle of Sedan marked a significant turning point, leading to the proclamation of the German Empire.

Establishment of the German Empire

The Proclamation at Versailles

• On January 18, 1871, the German Empire was officially proclaimed, culminating Bismarck's efforts.

• The title of German Emperor was awarded to King William I of Prussia, solidifying Bismarck’s vision of a united Germany.

Structure of the New Empire

• The empire featured a federal system with a complex balance between Prussian authority and the autonomy of other German states.

• Bismarck’s constitution included a powerful federal council (Bundesrat) dominated by Prussian representation and a Reichstag elected by universal suffrage.

Domestic and International Challenges Post-Unification

Internal Discontent

• Post-war unity brought about political strife between conservative Junker interests and growing liberal and industrialist classes, complicating governance.

• Bismarck faced dissent within the Reichstag, particularly from social democrats and liberals.

Struggles with William I and Political Isolation

• Bismarck and William often clashed over policy, leading to Bismarck feeling isolated despite being at the helm of power.

• His complex relationship with William I, who held significant power but was less politically astute than Bismarck, impacted his governance strategy.

Bismarck’s Illness and Later Years

• Faced with health issues and the stress of governance, Bismarck’s later years saw a decline in his energy and political influence.

• Despite personal and political challenges, he remained a dominant figure in European politics until his resignation in 1890.