Exam 1 - Study Guide.docx

Chapter 1: Different Educational Pathways

• Clinical vs. Counseling Psychologists

  • Clinical Psychology

    • Focuses on disturbed individuals.

    • Common employment settings include:

      • Private practice.

      • University psychology departments.

      • Hospitals and medical centers.

    • Responsibilities include psychotherapy, diagnosis/assessment, teaching, supervision, research, consultation, and administration.

  • Counseling Psychology

    • Deals with less pathological populations.

• Educational Pathways:

  • Doctorate Degree

    • Includes 4 years of coursework followed by a 1-year full-time pre-doctoral internship.

    • Predoctoral Internship:

      • 1 year of supervised clinical experience in an applied setting; considered as a transitional year.

    • Postdoc Internship:

      • 1-2 years; allows more responsibilities and specialized training; necessary for licensing.

  • Masters Degree

    • Requires thesis and dissertation.

Chapter 2: Admission and Differences in Psychology Programs

• PhD vs. PsyD Programs

  • PhD Programs: Emphasis on research.

  • PsyD Programs: Focus on clinical skills and training.

• Key Determinants of Graduate Admission

  • Importance of GRE scores; maximizing scores through practice exams.

  • Treatment severity influences insurance coverage; severity dictates coverage availability.

• Clinical training requires competence in applying clinical methods and necessary research.

• Psychological Assessment

  • Rorschach: projective personality test based on ambiguous stimuli.

Chapter 3: Historical Perspectives and Developments in Clinical Psychology

• Philippe Pinel

  • Advocate for humane treatment of the mentally ill; known as the liberator of the mentally ill.

  • Established treatment norms focusing on mental illness classification and ongoing patient care.

• DSM Development:

  • DSM I published in 1952 defined and organized mental disorders.

  • Significant updates in DSM II, DSM III, and up to DSM-5, which included over 300% increase in disorders.

• Key Figures

  • Lightner Witmer: Pioneered clinical psychology in America.

  • Eli Todd: Designed treatment facilities emphasizing humane care.

Chapter 4: Telepsychology and Ethical Standards

• Telepsychology

  • Rise of telehealth services; aspects include accessibility and affordability.

  • Ethical principles from the APA guide practice.

• Five Ethical Principles:

  • Beneficence and Nonmaleficence: Do good and avoid harm.

  • Fidelity and Responsibility: Be trustworthy.

  • Integrity: Promote accuracy and honesty.

  • Justice: Fair treatment.

  • Respect for Rights and Dignity: Safeguard confidentiality and individual rights.

Chapter 5: Cultural Competence and Managed Care

• Cultural Competence

  • Awareness, knowledge, and skills required for effective practice in a diverse society.

• Managed Care

  • Benefits and drawbacks; impacts both clients and psychologists with respect to confidentiality and payment methods.

• Acculturation Strategies:

  • Assimilation, separation, marginalization, and integration.

Chapter 6: Research Methodologies in Psychology

• Efficacy vs. Effectiveness

  • Efficacy refers to controlled lab study results; effectiveness pertains to real-world application.

  • Focus on internal and external validity and statistical significance in research.

• Research Designs:

  • Experimental, quasi-experimental, longitudinal, and cross-sectional studies.

  • Importance of understanding correlation vs. causation.

• Meta-Analysis

  • Method for summarizing results across multiple studies.