Key Concept 2.1 —Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources. | I. Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers had different economic and imperial goals involving land and labor that shaped the social and political development of their colonies as well as their relationships with native populations. | SPANISH Goals: Set up large plantations in the Caribbean to produce cash crops to be exported to Europe Expand their land into Southwest United States Spread their Catholic religion to Natives
Colonial Development: Relationship w/ Natives: After expanding into present-day New Mexico & using local Puebloans as labor for maize crops - Spaniards faced the Pueblo revolt and lost after being outnumbered - Spain was exiled for 12 years - when they came back they had greater religious tolerance, allowing Puebloans to continue practicing their religion - this resulted in religious syncretism and shaped New Mexican culture Started using African slaves as their primary labor source rather than Natives
FRENCH/ DUTCH Goals: Colonial Development: Few large settlements, left a few merchants/ settlers to participate in trade with Natives Quebec founded in 1608 - first permanent settlement Henry Hudson’s expedition led to the establishment of New Amsterdam Dutch gave Dutch West India Company control of the colony for economic and trading purposes Brought no representative government French and Dutch settlers in British colonies made up 5% of the population by 1775 - mostly included French protestants called Huguenots
Relationship w/ Natives: Often allied with their trading partners - French allied with the Algonquians and later helped them with their tribal war against the Iroquians Native American tribes often fought over hunting grounds in order to participate in trade with the French and Dutch
BRITISH Goals: Number of poor and landless people in Britain increased with a rapid population increase and an economic depression - this was a push factor for these people to have new economic opportunities in the British colonies Groups like the Separatist and the Puritans wanted the freedom of religion in the Americas after being prosecuted in Britain Extract resources and precious metals to enrich Britain Joint-stock companies reduced risk and spread profits of migration to the Americas - attracted settlers to the Americas
Colonial Development: Colonies were either proprietary (under authority of the individual given a charter by the King), royal (under direct control of the King), or corporate (run by joint-stock companies) First colonies, for example, Jamestown, struggled with starvation and conflicts with Native tribes - eventually cultivated tobacco which developed to be a major cash crop export to Europe Virginia attracted single poor males from Britain to work as indentured servants on tobacco plantations - created a sharp division between the poor laborers and rich plantation owner in Virginia Other colonies such as Plymouth and the New England colonies were colonized by religious groups - continued to attract this religious group from Britain Representative governments - some democratic ideas - different colonies had different degrees of religious tolerance Colonial economy and the type of goods they extracted and traded depended on their environment and labor supply
Relationship w/ Natives: Conflicts with Natives resulted because of British colonial expansion and cultural misunderstanding Natives and British colonizers had different views on private property rights - Natives thought that owning land meant being able to hunt on it, Britiains believed they could fence in the land the owned and not let anyone on it Metacom’s War - local native tribes allied with the Native revolters and the New Englanders - War ended with the revolters being executed or exiled British colonizers attempted to convert local Native tribes but both groups believed that their religion and culture was the superior one
| II. In the 17th century, early British colonies developed along the Atlantic coast, with regional differences that reflected various environmental, economic, cultural, and demographic factors. | CHESAPEAKE Environment: Marshy soil & humid climate - not ideal for subsistence farming diseases spread through insectos (yellow fever, malaria) - early settlers died from disease and starvation
Economics: Tobacco was cultivated (thrived in the marshy soil) and became a cash crop/ popular export to Europe Colonies became small plantations labored by indentured servants and some African slaves Headright system was used to bring indentured servants from England Sharp divide of rich plantation owners and poor indentured servants or small farmers - only rich elites had a say in electing the governor
Culture: Demographics: NEW ENGLAND Environment: Economics: Less large scale agriculture No influx of enslaved Africans or indentured servants Farms produced just enough food to feed their families
Culture: Puritan - Cotton Mather was a prominent Puritan minister - Puritans believed the Anglican church was too similar to the Catholic church - wanted to “purify” the church of England Hoped that by setting an example of a righteous society in the Americas, they could persuade the Anglican church to adopt their religion Strict religious intolerance - cancelled Christmas, anyone who questioned Puritan ideologies were forced to leave or be executed
Demographics: 14,000 Puritans migrated from England to the Americans in the 1630s - GREAT MIGRATION Egalitarian - less variance among classes More families
MIDDLE Environment: Economics: Proprietary colonies - independently owned - land first granted to William Penn by the King of England Industrial workers and artisans Not fond of slavery Middle sized farms Mixed economy for farming and industry Mixed class wealth distribution
Culture: Demographics: SOUTHERN Environment: Economics: Sugar, rice, tobacco, and indigo plantations - sugar became a profitable export Sugar cultivation is labor intensive - enslaved Africans were imported Rice cultivation took over sugar in the Carolinas Proprietary colonies - Maryland & Georgia founded for altruistic reasons Georgia contained debt prisoners from overcrowded prisons so they could work off their debt
Culture: Demographics: | III. Competition over resources between European rivals and American Indians encouraged industry and trade and led to conflict in the Americas. | PUEBLO REVOLT Spain expanded into Southwest United States and forced the local Peubloans to convert to Catholicism and be laborers for Spanish maize crops Missionaries built churches Pope’s rebellion killed 400 Spaniards and drove the remaining 2,000 South Spain returned in 1692 and regained control of the area - this produced religious syncretism Spain decreased the encomienda system Pueblo customs influenced New Mexican culture
BACON’S REBELLION Governor Berkley of Virginia didn’t want to induce conflict with Natives (no response to concerns from indentured servants) - tension with Natives because they thought their pigs were being stolen Indentured servants weren’t receiving their promised land Bacon put together a rebellion and they destroyed multiple towns - rebellion slowed down and stopped when Bacon died Shift away from indentured servitude to the use of enslaved Africans as laborers
METACOM’S WAR Cultural misunderstandings between the New Englishmen and the Natives about private property rights - English would fence off land from the Natives from hunting there English livestock roamed on, and ate Natives’ crops Native tribes divided, some siding with the English, and others with the rebellion - allies resulted from trade relationships and common enemies Both groups believed their own culture and race was superior to the others Division among Natives in competition for hunting grounds English won the war and executed rebels
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Key Concept 2.2 — The British colonies participated in political, social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and resistance to Britain’s control. | I.Transatlantic commercial, religious, philosophical, and political exchanges led residents of the British colonies to evolve in their political and cultural attitudes as they became increasingly tied to Britain and one another. | THE ENLIGHTENMENT Movement in literature and philosophy John Locke - reasoned that while the government is supreme its has to follow laws honoring basic rights of people because they are human - citizens have a right and obligation to revolt against governments that don’t meet or protect their rights Rationale and principles for the American Revolution UNITED AND DIVIDED ENGLAND AND COLONIES
THE GREAT AWAKENING Beginning decades of 18th century Protestant churches tended to be long intellectual discourses and portrayed God as a benign creator of a perfectly ordered universe Great Awakening was a movement characterized by fervent expressions of religious feeling among masses of people - strongest during the 1730s and 1740s Each individual who expressed deep patience could be saved by God’s grace - this idea most influence NEW ENGLAND Emotionalism became a common part of Protestand services George Whitefield - came from England to the colonies in 1739 - delivered rousing sermons that stressed that God would only save those who openly professed belief in Jesus Christ Less dependence on ministers Caused division within churches - some supported teaching of “New Lights” and others of “Old Lights” Denominations competed with each other and called for SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE Regardless of social status or origin, the American colonists shared a common experience - increased nationalism and American culture Changed the way people viewed authority - the people could make greater political decisions without depending on the authority of elites UNITED AND DIVIDED ENGLAND AND COLONIES - political ideas based on the ideas of the Great Awakening prompted the colonies wanting independence from a higher authority
NAVIGATION ACTS First of the Navigation Acts passed in 1681 Frequent changes in British government led to changes in the colonial relationship 1720s-1760s - salutary neglect - British officials overlooked colonists’ violations of the Navigation Acts 1760s - King George III attempted to reassert control over colonial trade DIVIDED ENGLAND AND COLONIES
CONSUMER REVOLUTION As colonies developed, arts and literature from Europe gained popularity among rich plantation owners in the South and merchants in the North Georgian style of Londone used in colonial homes, churches, and public buildings Benjamin was a popular writer in the 18th century First colonial colleges were sectarian (promoted the doctrines of a particular religious group) - Puritans founded Harvard in 1636
New and ideas in the colonies circulated by means of a postal system and local printing press UNITED ENGLAND AND COLONIES
| II. Like other European empires in the Americas that participated in the Atlantic slave trade, the English colonies developed a system of slavery that reflected the specific economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of those colonies. | Created by English monarch Charles II Trade enslaved people and African goods Monopoly on slave trade until 1689 when English merchants engage and increase the number of slaves transported
**PANIC AMONG WHITE COLONISTS SPURRED VIOLENCE UPON THE ENSLAVED POPULATION ECONOMIC Most slaves were transported to Barbados of the Caribbean to work on large sugar plantations - intensive and dangerous labor Southern colonies and Chesapeake colonies (after Bacon’s rebellion) had the most slave labor because of their plantation agriculture and the decreasing use of indentured servants as laborers New England had the least slave labor because of their lack of large-scale agriculture and family farming Outside of the South, African Americans worked a wider range of jobs including bricklayer or blacksmith - this is because these states were more industrial Every colony passed laws the discriminated against African Americans and limited their rights and opportunities
DEMOGRAPHIC By 1775, African American population made up 20 percent of the colonial population 90 percent lived in the Southern colonies
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