SCIENCE REVIEW

Name: ___________________________________________ Date: ______

Vescio: Biology Period: ____

Midterm Review 2025

Midterm Date: January 21st, 2025 (Tuesday)

Midterm Time: 1:00pm-3:00pm

Major Topics:

Lab Safety

Scientific Method

Experimental Design

Characteristics of Living things

Biochemistry (Carbs, Lipids, Proteins)

Organic vs inorganic molecules

Cellular Respiration

Cell Organelles

Diffusion/Active Transport/ Osmosis

Feedback Loops/Maintaining Homeostasis

Balancing Act (NYS Investigation

Photosynthesis

Things you must be able to do:

Interpret a data table

Interpret a graph

Make a model (with labels, arrows, and explanation)

Make a human body model

Read about a situation that you have never heard of before and apply concepts we have spoken about in class

Unit 00 - Introduction to Biology

Scientific Method

Steps: Question, Hypothesis, Experiment, Observation, Conclusion

Importance of controlling variables and ensuring repeatability

Experimental Design

Independent vs. Dependent variables

Control group and experimental group

How to design a fair experiment

Characteristics of Living Things

Growth and development

Reproduction

Response to stimuli

Homeostasis

Energy use

Adaptation through evolution

Data Analysis

Importance of multiple data sets

Identifying trends

Interpreting experimental results

Graphing

Types of graphs: bar, line, and pie charts

How to interpret data from a graph

Proper labels (title, axes, units)

Unit 1 - Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms - The Marathon Runner

Biochemistry

Carbs: Energy source, glucose storage

Proteins: Amino acids, enzymes

Lipids: Fat storage, insulation

Nucleic Acids: DNA, RNA (how they relate to genetic information)

Cellular Respiration

Aerobic: Oxygen required, more ATP produced

Anaerobic: Lactic acid, muscle fatigue, less ATP produced

Did the runner run out of energy?: Exploring the balance between aerobic and anaerobic respiration during intense exercise

Blood oxygen levels: Graphing changes during exercise

Blood oxygen levels: Graphing changes during exercise

Comparing Gas Exchange

Respiration in humans vs. other organisms

Gas exchange in lungs, gills, and skin (across different organisms)

Yeast Investigation Lab

Cellular respiration in yeast: aerobic and anaerobic processes

Data interpretation: what happens when oxygen is limited?

Human Body Model - Inputs and Outputs

Interactions of the human systems: Nervous, Respiratory, Circulatory

The role of cells: mitochondria, cell membrane, and energy production

Mitochondria: Site of aerobic respiration

Cell Membrane: Structure and function (diffusion and osmosis)

Cells and Their Functions

Cell Theory

All living things are made of cells

Cells are the basic unit of life

All cells arise from pre-existing cells

Parts of the Cell

Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, etc.

Functions of each part

Differences between plant and animal cells

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cells

Viruses

Are they alive?

Characteristics of Living Things - what do all living things need to be considered “living”?

Diffusion and Osmosis

Diffusion: Movement of particles from high to low concentration

Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a membrane

Hypotonic, Isotonic, Hypertonic: Definitions and effects on cells

Osmoregulation

How organisms maintain water balance in different environments

Kidneys, brain (ADH) role in water balance in the human body

Example: Fish in fresh vs. saltwater environments

Feedback Loops

Negative Feedback Loops

Blood Glucose Regulation: Role of insulin and glucagon

Diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2

Osmoregulation: Regulation of water balance in cells and tissues

Thermoregulation: Maintaining body temperature (sweating, shivering)

Positive Feedback Loops

Definition and examples (less common than negative feedback)

Unit 2 - Photosynthesis and Its Relationship with Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis

Process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose)

Equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

Chloroplasts: The site of photosynthesis in plant cells

Chlorophyll: The pigment that absorbs light for photosynthesis

Factors that Affect Photosynthesis

Light Intensity: More light increases the rate of photosynthesis up to a point

Temperature: Photosynthesis occurs most efficiently at a specific temperature range

Carbon Dioxide: Higher CO₂ concentrations can increase the rate of photosynthesis

Water Availability: Lack of water slows down photosynthesis

Relationship between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis produces glucose and oxygen, which are used in cellular respiration to produce ATP (energy).

Cellular Respiration (which occurs in the mitochondria) converts glucose and oxygen into ATP, releasing carbon dioxide and water as byproducts.

Interconnected Systems: The products of photosynthesis (glucose and oxygen) are essential for cellular respiration, and the byproducts (CO₂ and H₂O) are used in photosynthesis.

Know BOTH equations!

Good luck studying

YOU GOT THIS!!