A.P. World History Notes

Unit 4.6 Internal and External Challenges to State Power

Challenges to State Power: Social, political, and economic groups resisted state expansions, Fronde Civil disturbances. Trying to curb growing royal power. Royalty trying to put down revolutions. Metacom’s war and King Phillip’s War. In Americas against English colonists.

Resistance to Portugal in Africa: Pushed out of South Asia by the Dutch and British, Went to Africa.

1624- Ana Nzinga becomes ruler of Ndongo:

• Allied with Portugal
• Alliance fell apart
• Incited rebellion in Ndongo (with the Dutch)
• Ruled Matamba for decades

Local Resistance in Russia: Pressure on the state came from within. Serfs in Russia had terrible conditions compared to those in Europe. Central power weakened due to wars in the 14^th and 15^th centuries. Peasants had been heavily taxed and were forced into serfdom.

Serfdom, Power, and Control: Serfdom benefitted the government because it kept peasants under control. Also provided free labor to landowners. Serfs were practically enslaved because they were chained to their land. Russian serfs kept working long after the practice was ended in Europe.

Cossacks and Peasant Rebellions:

• Peasants were skill fighters in an area near the Black sea: These were runaway serfs who lived nomadic lives, at odds with the Tsars, Hired as mercenaries to defend from outside threats. Known as Cossack warriors
• Yemelyan Pugachev: Rebelled against Catherine the Great in 1774, Claimed to be her murdered husband, Peter III, Was captured within a year and executed.

Rebellions in South Asia: 16^th and 17^th centuries, Mughal Empire controlled India and Pakistan. Spread Persian art and culture as well as Islam, despite much of the population remaining Hindu. Maratha fought the Mughals from 1680-1707, Created the Hindu Maratha Empire until 1818, Ended the Mughal empire.

Revolts in the Spanish Empire: Pueblo Revolt:

• 1680
• Fought Colonizers who were trying to force religious conversions
• Killed 400 Spaniards and drove the rest out of the area
• The area was reclaimed by Spain in 1692, ultimately being unsuccessful

Struggles for Power in England and its Colonies:

• Maroon Wars
• Gloucester County Rebellion
• Metacom’s War
• Glorious Revolution

Maroon Wars: 1728-1740, 1795-1796, Enslaved people fighting for freedom, Maroons are descendants of Africans who escaped slavery in Jamaica, Queen Nanny recognized as national hero.

Gloucester County Rebellion: First recorded slave revolt in the United States, 1663 in Virgina, Enslaved Africans and indentured servants, ambushed by authorities and arrested them. Executed by hanging.

Metacom’s War: Final effort to drive out the British in New England by indigenous people, destroyed 12 towns, some native groups sided with the British like the Mohegan and Pequot, ended the subjugation of Wampanoag people in English colonies.

Glorious Revolution: Bloodless revolution, James II became king in 1685 (catholic), took anti-protestant measures, William and Mary invited by nobles to invade England, William landed in 1688 and James fled to 1689, William and Mary Joint rule, strengthened power of Parliament rule, Strengthened power of Parliament, passed a law that forbade Catholics to rule England. Scottish invaded.