Key Terms Chapter 22-24

1. Rutherford Hayes – 19th U.S. president: known for ending Reconstruction and resolving the 1876 election through the Compromise of 1877.

2. Samuel Tilden – Democratic presidential candidate in 1876 involved in Compromise of 1877

3. William McKinley – 25th U.S. president: led the country during the Spanish-American War

4. William Jennings Bryan – Democratic politician, known for his "Cross of Gold" speech 

5. J.P. Morgan – American banker and financier: stabilized the financial system during crises.

6. “Waving the bloody shirt” – A political tactic used by Republicans after the Civil War: blaming the Democrats in the South for the war to gain votes.

7. Tweed Ring – corrupt political organization led by William “Boss” Tweed: known political manipulation in the late 19th century.  Machine Politics

8. Credit Mobilier Scandal – political scandal in the 1870s: used a construction company to get funds from the federal government.

9. Gilded Age – A period in U.S. history (1870s-1900) marked by rapid industrialization, economic growth, political corruption, social inequality.

10. Patronage – giving government jobs to political supporters: leading to corruption and inefficiency.

11. Jim Crow – State and local laws in the South enforcing racial segregationCompromise of 1877 – resolved the disputed 1876 election:resulting in Rutherford Hayes becoming president: ending Reconstruction.

12. Civil Rights Act of 1875 – law to protect African Americans’ civil rights:but was largely ineffective and declared unconstitutional.

13. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld racial segregation under the doctrine of "separate but equal."

14. Chinese Exclusion Act – prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers: the first major law to restrict immigration based on race.

15. Pendleton Act – established a merit-based system for federal civil service jobs

16. Homestead Act – provided 160 acres of land to settlers who would farm it and build a permanent structure for five years

17. Grandfather Clause – A provision in Southern state constitutions that exempted white voters from literacy tests or poll taxes.

18. Sharecropping – system of agriculture where farmers worked land owned by someone else in exchange for a share of the crops

19. The Great Strike of 1877 – nationwide railroad strike sparked by wage cuts and poor working conditions: led to violent protests 

20. Horace Greeley – A journalist and founder of the New York Tribune: ran for president as the Liberal Republican candidate

21. Thomas Reed – Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives: known for his use of the "Reed Rules" to control House proceedings

22. “New Immigrants” – Immigrants who arrived in the United States after the 1880s, primarily from Southern and Eastern Europe 

23. Political Machines – Political organizations that controlled local and state governments through patronage

24. Settlement House – Community centers established in poor urban neighborhoods to provide services such as education, healthcare, and job training

25. Tuskegee Institute – An educational institution founded by Booker T. Washington in 1881 in Alabama for Black Americans to learn a trade. 

26. Pragmatism – A philosophical movement, that emphasized practical consequences and real-world applications over abstract theories

27. Land-Grant Colleges – Colleges and universities established through the Morrill Act of 1862

28. Yellow Journalism – A style of sensationalized and exaggerated news reporting: often to attract readers and increase sales.

29. Jane Addams – Social reformer and founder of Hull House (Settlement House) in Chicago: aimed to improve the lives of immigrants and the urban poor.

30. Booker T. Washington –African American educator and founder of the Tuskegee Institute

31. W.E.B. Du Bois – African American sociologist, historian, and co-founder of the NAACP.

32. Carrie Chapman Catt – Women’s suffrage leader and president of the NAWSA

33. Horatio Alger – American author best known for his “rags-to-riches” novels 

34. John Dewey – Philosopher and educator who was a leading advocate for progressive education

35. Joseph Pulitzer – Newspaper publisher who owned the New York World; credited with pioneering the use of yellow journalism.

William Randolph Hearst – Newspaper magnate who helped to popularize yellow journalism.