universal (natural) laws- unchanging moral principles

Napoleonic Code- gave men authority over their family, took away women’s rights

John Locke- thinker that believed in natural rights (freedom of speech, religion, etc), positivity, life + liberty

Thomas Hobbes- people are naturally evil so a strong ruler is needed for people to give their lives to

Battle of Trafalgar- against british and french during napoleonic code

social contract- agreement to form political contract over certain conditions

Blockade- American civil war strategy to prevent the transport of weapons to the confederates

Voltaire- freedom of religion and speech

Rousseau- social contract

Montesquieu- separation of church/powers

Copernicus- heliocentric universe (sun)

Newton- universal laws

Kepler- elliptical orbits

Bacon and Descartes- scientific method development

philosophes

Continental System- blockade from Napoleon to stop Great Britain through stopping buying/selling

Waterloo- between Napoleon and duke of Wellington that stopped an elongated war

Mary Wollstonecraft- female writer that wrote about women not being inferior to men

Old Regime - social + political order in France, men were all subjects to king, made king absolute monarchy

Estates -General- the three estates, clergy, nobles, and commoners, that could levy taxes etc for Louis XVI

Bourgeoisie- the middle/capitalist class that owned most of society’s wealth

Bastille- mob stormed prison in Paris and became a symbol of monarchies rule

National Assembly- The estates

Tennis Court Oath- pledge and idea that political authority comes from people not the monarch

Great Fear- nobles grew scared of those against the monarch, period of time after Bastille

radicals/Jacobins- idea of dismantling old society, to make it radical

Legislative Assembly- attempted to create a society with equal rights

universal suffrage- one person, one vote

Maximilien Robespierre- architect of reign of terror, felt Louis XVI should die for the revolution

Reign of Terror- citizens who didn't like the revolution were killed

Committee for Public Safety- formed provisional government during reign of terror

coup d’état- violent seizure of power from government

Napoleon Bonaparte- French revolution general + emperor, lost in Waterloo

Concordat- Napoleon’s agreement with the papacy, an agreement between a secular figure + the church