CHEM 111 Unit 6

Periodic Table Highlights

• Periodic Table lists known elements with their atomic number, symbol, and atomic mass.

• Main groups include:

  • Group 1: Alkali metals (e.g., Lithium, Sodium, Potassium)

  • Group 2: Alkaline earth metals (e.g., Beryllium, Magnesium)

  • Transition metals (e.g., Iron, Copper)

Basic Thermochemistry Concepts

• Thermochemistry: Study of heat absorbed or released in chemical reactions.

• Thermodynamics: Relationship between heat and other forms of energy.

Energy Types

• Energy: Capacity to do work.

  • Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion, $E_k = \frac{1}{2} mv^2$.

  • Potential Energy: Stored energy, $E_p = mgh$.

  • Internal Energy: Sum of kinetic and potential energy in a substance.

Heat Transfer and Reactions

• Exothermic: Heat released (q < 0).

• Endothermic: Heat absorbed (q > 0).

• Specific heat capacity ($s$): Amount of heat to change 1g by 1 °C, $q = s \cdot m \cdot \Delta T$.

Laws of Thermodynamics

• First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed; total energy change is zero $
  \Delta E_{total} = 0$.

• Heat and Work: $\Delta U = q + w$.

Calorimetry

• Calorimetry measures the heat of reactions.

• $q{reaction} = -q{solution}$ in constant pressure conditions.

Enthalpy (H)

• Enthalpy Change ($\Delta H$): Heat change at constant pressure.$ \Delta H = H{final} - H{initial}$.

• Hess's Law: Total enthalpy change is the sum of changes in individual steps.