Untitled Flashcards Set
Hamilton's Fiscal Policy
Funding and Assumption: Hamilton's plan to assume state debts incurred during the Revolutionary War and fund them at full value, consolidating national credit.
National Bank: A federal institution established to stabilize the economy and provide loans to spur growth.
Tariff: A tax on imports to protect American industries and generate revenue for the federal government.
Whiskey Rebellion: A 1794 uprising in Pennsylvania over an excise tax on whiskey, showcasing federal authority under Washington.
Jay's Treaty (1794)
A treaty between the U.S. and Britain resolving lingering issues post-Revolutionary War. It averted war but angered France and Jeffersonian Republicans.
Election of 1796
The first contested presidential election in U.S. history, where John Adams (Federalist) won over Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican).
XYZ Affair (1797-1798)
A diplomatic incident where French officials demanded bribes from American envoys, leading to anti-French sentiment in the U.S.
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
Laws passed by Federalists to restrict immigrants and limit criticism of the government, sparking outrage among Democratic-Republicans.
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798-1799)
Written by Jefferson and Madison, these resolutions argued that states could nullify unconstitutional federal laws.
Election of 1800
A bitterly contested election resulting in a tie between Jefferson and Burr, resolved in the House of Representatives. Jefferson won, marking the first peaceful transfer of power.
Aaron Burr
Jefferson's vice president involved in controversies, including a duel with Alexander Hamilton and a suspected conspiracy to create an independent nation.
12th Amendment (1804)
Revised the electoral process by requiring separate votes for president and vice president to avoid future ties.
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
A Supreme Court case that established judicial review, allowing courts to declare laws unconstitutional.
John Marshall
Influential Chief Justice who strengthened the federal government through landmark Supreme Court decisions.
Judiciary Act of 1789
Established the federal judiciary system, including district courts and the Supreme Court.
Louisiana Purchase (1803)
The acquisition of French territory doubling the size of the U.S., negotiated by Jefferson.
Napoleon
French leader who sold Louisiana to the U.S. to fund European wars.
Toussaint L'Ouverture
Leader of the Haitian Revolution, which disrupted French plans and influenced the Louisiana Purchase.
San Domingue
Present-day Haiti, site of the successful slave revolt that ended French colonial rule.
Articles of Confederation
The first U.S. government framework, which had weaknesses such as no power to tax or regulate commerce.
Problems and Provisions of the Articles
Weak central government, lack of executive branch, no judiciary, and inability to address financial issues or maintain order.
Northwest Ordinance (1787)
Established a process for territories to become states and banned slavery in the Northwest Territory.
Mt. Vernon Conference (1785)
A meeting that resolved navigation disputes and laid the groundwork for the Constitutional Convention.
Annapolis Conference (1786)
A precursor to the Constitutional Convention, highlighting the need to revise the Articles of Confederation.
Shays' Rebellion (1786-1787)
An uprising of Massachusetts farmers protesting debt and taxes, highlighting weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation.
Philadelphia Convention (1787)
Meeting where the U.S. Constitution was drafted to replace the Articles of Confederation.
James Madison
"Father of the Constitution" and key architect of the Virginia Plan.
Alexander Hamilton
Advocate for a strong central government and author of many Federalist Papers.
Roger Sherman
Creator of the Great Compromise, balancing representation for small and large states.
Virginia Plan
Proposal favoring representation based on population.
New Jersey Plan
Proposal favoring equal representation for all states.
Great (Connecticut) Compromise
Combined the Virginia and New Jersey plans, creating a bicameral legislature.
3/5ths Compromise
Counted three-fifths of enslaved individuals for taxation and representation purposes.
Checks and Balances
System ensuring no branch of government becomes too powerful.
Federalists
Advocates of the Constitution and a strong central government.
Anti-Federalists
Opposed the Constitution, fearing centralized power and lack of individual rights.
Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments to the Constitution, guaranteeing individual freedoms.
Federalist Papers
Essays promoting Constitution ratification, written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay.
John Jay
First Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and author of several Federalist Papers.
If you'd like me to continue or expand on any section, let me know!
4o
You said:
continue until u defined all
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
American Colonization Society (1816)
An organization aimed at resettling freed African Americans in Africa, leading to the establishment of Liberia.
Liberia
A West African nation founded by freed African Americans through the American Colonization Society.
John Floyd
A Virginia politician who advocated for gradual emancipation and colonization of African Americans.
David Walker
A free African American abolitionist who wrote The Appeal, urging enslaved people to fight for freedom.
The Appeal (1829)
David Walker's pamphlet calling for the immediate end of slavery and resistance to oppression.
William Lloyd Garrison
A leading abolitionist who published The Liberator, advocating for the immediate abolition of slavery.
The Liberator (1831)
Garrison's anti-slavery newspaper that became a key voice in the abolition movement.
Positive-Good Argument
A pro-slavery justification claiming slavery benefitted both enslaved people and society.
Slave Codes
Laws restricting the rights of enslaved people to prevent rebellion and control their behavior.
Second Great Awakening (1790s-1830s)
A Protestant religious revival emphasizing individual salvation and reform movements.
Charles G. Finney
A leading preacher of the Second Great Awakening who promoted revivalism and social reform.
Circuit Riders
Itinerant preachers who traveled to spread religious messages in rural areas.
Millennialism
The belief in Christ's second coming and a thousand-year reign of peace.
William Miller
A preacher who predicted Christ's return, inspiring the Millerite movement.
Seventh-Day Adventists
A Christian denomination that emerged from Millerism, emphasizing Christ's imminent return and Sabbath observance.
Mormons (Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints)
A religious group founded by Joseph Smith, later led by Brigham Young to Utah.
Joseph Smith
Founder of Mormonism and translator of the Book of Mormon.
Brigham Young
Second leader of the Mormons who led their migration to Utah.
Deseret
The Mormon settlement in Utah envisioned as a theocratic society.
Shakers (Ann Lee)
A religious sect emphasizing communal living, celibacy, and ecstatic worship.
Utopian Societies
Communities aiming to create ideal living conditions, often through communal property and shared labor.
New Harmony (Robert Owen)
A utopian community in Indiana focused on cooperative living and social reform.
Fruitlands (Bronson Alcott)
A short-lived transcendentalist utopian community emphasizing self-sufficiency.
Oneida (John Humphrey Noyes)
A communal society in New York practicing shared property, “complex marriage,” and self-perfection.
Northern Development
Growth of industrialization, transportation, and urbanization in the northern U.S.
Erie Canal (1825)
A major waterway connecting the Great Lakes to the Hudson River, boosting trade and westward expansion.
Railroads
Key infrastructure for industrialization, connecting regions and enabling economic growth.
Cottage Industry
Early system of manufacturing where goods were produced in homes rather than factories.
Waltham (Lowell) System
A factory system employing young women in textile mills under strict conditions.
Urbanization
The growth of cities due to industrialization and population movement.
Southern Society
Characterized by an agrarian economy, slavery, and a rigid class hierarchy.
Planters
Wealthy landowners who dominated southern politics and society.
Crackers
Poor white farmers in the South with little land or political influence.
Free Blacks
African Americans not enslaved but subject to significant restrictions and discrimination.
Maroons
Communities of escaped enslaved people living independently, often in remote areas.
Underground Railroad
A secret network aiding enslaved people in escaping to freedom.
Gabriel Prosser
Leader of a planned slave revolt in Virginia in 1800, which was thwarted before it began.
Charles Deslondes
Leader of a large but unsuccessful slave revolt in Louisiana in 1811.
Denmark Vesey
A freedman who planned a major slave rebellion in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1822.
Nat Turner (1831)
Enslaved preacher who led a violent slave rebellion in Virginia, intensifying sectional tensions.
If you need clarification or the next set of terms defined, let me know!
4o
You said:
continue
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
Five Civilized Tribes
Native American groups (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole) who adopted some European-American customs to coexist with settlers.
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
A Supreme Court case where John Marshall ruled that states couldn’t impose laws on Native American lands, a decision ignored by Andrew Jackson.
Trail of Tears
The forced relocation of the Cherokee and other tribes to lands west of the Mississippi, resulting in thousands of deaths.
Sequoyah
A Cherokee who developed a written syllabary for the Cherokee language, promoting literacy.
Nullification Crisis (1832-1833)
A confrontation between South Carolina and the federal government over the state's attempt to nullify federal tariffs.
"Tariff of Abominations" (1828)
A high tariff benefiting northern industries but harming the southern economy, sparking outrage.
"South Carolina Exposition and Protest"
Written by John C. Calhoun, advocating for the nullification of the Tariff of Abominations.
Force Bill (1833)
Passed by Congress, allowing Andrew Jackson to use military force to enforce federal tariffs during the Nullification Crisis.
Nicholas Biddle
President of the Second Bank of the United States and a central figure in its conflict with Andrew Jackson.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
A Supreme Court case affirming federal authority over states and upholding the constitutionality of the national bank.
Maysville Road Veto (1830)
Jackson’s veto of federal funding for a Kentucky road, asserting limits on federal power in state projects.
Martin Van Buren
Eighth president of the U.S. and a key organizer of the Democratic Party, inheriting the economic fallout of the Panic of 1837.
Eaton Affair (Peggy Eaton)
A social scandal involving the wife of Jackson’s Secretary of War, which divided Jackson’s cabinet and influenced his political decisions.
National Democrats/Whigs
The Whig Party formed in opposition to Andrew Jackson, supporting a strong federal government and modernization.
American System
Henry Clay’s plan for economic development, including a national bank, protective tariffs, and infrastructure improvements.
Hayne-Webster Debate (1830)
A Senate debate over states' rights versus national unity, with Webster defending federal authority.
Election of 1836
Martin Van Buren won the presidency as Andrew Jackson’s successor, facing a fragmented opposition.
Panic of 1837
A financial crisis caused by speculative banking practices, falling cotton prices, and the failure of state banks.
Election of 1840 ("Log Cabin and Hard Cider" Campaign)
William Henry Harrison won using a populist campaign, emphasizing his humble origins (despite being wealthy).
William Henry Harrison
Ninth U.S. president who died a month after taking office, leading to John Tyler’s presidency.
John Tyler
Tenth U.S. president, known as “His Accidency,” who clashed with the Whigs and pursued annexation of Texas.
Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)
Resolved border disputes between the U.S. and British Canada, improving relations with Britain.
Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (1807)
A naval conflict between the U.S. and Britain that escalated tensions leading to the War of 1812.
Embargo Act (1807)
A ban on U.S. trade with foreign nations, intended to pressure Britain and France but harming the American economy.
Non-Intercourse Act (1809)
Replaced the Embargo Act, reopening trade with all nations except Britain and France.
War Hawks
Congressional leaders like Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun who advocated for war with Britain, leading to the War of 1812.
John C. Calhoun
A leading War Hawk, advocate for states' rights, and architect of the nullification theory.
Henry Clay
A key political leader who promoted the American System and sought compromises to sectional conflicts.
Tecumseh and the Prophet
Native leaders who sought to unite tribes against American expansion but were defeated during the War of 1812.
William Henry Harrison
Military leader and future president who defeated Tecumseh’s forces at the Battle of Tippecanoe.
Tippecanoe (1811)
A battle where Harrison defeated Tecumseh’s confederacy, weakening Native resistance.
Creek War (1813-1814)
A conflict during the War of 1812 where Andrew Jackson defeated the Creek Red Sticks at Horseshoe Bend.
Red Sticks
A faction of Creek warriors who opposed American expansion and allied with Britain.
Andrew Jackson
General during the Creek War and War of 1812, later a controversial U.S. president.
Horseshoe Bend (1814)
A decisive battle where Jackson’s forces crushed the Creek Red Sticks.
Oliver Hazard Perry
Naval commander who secured a key victory at the Battle of Lake Erie during the War of 1812.
Battle of Lake Erie (1813)
A significant naval victory ensuring U.S. control of the Great Lakes.
Fort McHenry (1814)
Site of a British attack during the War of 1812, inspiring the writing of “The Star-Spangled Banner.”
Battle of New Orleans (1815)
A major U.S. victory under Andrew Jackson after the War of 1812 had officially ended with the Treaty of Ghent.
Jean Lafitte
A pirate who aided Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans.
Treaty of Ghent (1814)
Ended the War of 1812, restoring pre-war borders without addressing the causes of the war.
Decline and Death of the Federalist Party
The Federalist Party faded after opposing the War of 1812 and the Hartford Convention tarnished its reputation.
Hartford Convention (1814-1815)
A meeting of New England Federalists to protest the War of 1812, seen as unpatriotic and leading to the party’s decline.
Era of Good Feelings (1817-1825)
A period of political unity under Monroe’s presidency, marked by nationalism and the decline of party conflict.
Would you like me to continue with more terms?
4o
You said:
continue
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817)
An agreement between the U.S. and Britain limiting naval presence on the Great Lakes, marking a step toward peaceful U.S.-Canada relations.
Treaty of 1818
Established the U.S.-Canada border at the 49th parallel and allowed joint occupation of the Oregon Territory.
Adams-Onis (Transcontinental) Treaty (1819)
A treaty with Spain where the U.S. acquired Florida and established a boundary between U.S. and Spanish territories.
Cottage Industry
Small-scale, home-based manufacturing, prevalent before industrialization.
Oliver Evans
An inventor who developed automated flour mills and early designs for steam engines, advancing industrial technology.
Eli Whitney
Inventor of the cotton gin, which revolutionized cotton production and revitalized slavery in the South.
Revival of Slavery
Fueled by the cotton gin and expansion into new territories, making slavery more profitable and entrenching it in the South.
Panic of 1819
The first major U.S. financial crisis, caused by land speculation and declining European demand for American goods.
B.U.S. (Bank of the United States)
Central bank that managed federal funds and stabilized the economy; criticized for favoring elites.
Missouri Compromise (1820)
An agreement admitting Missouri as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and banning slavery north of the 36°30′ latitude line in the Louisiana Territory.
James Tallmadge
A congressman who proposed an amendment to gradually end slavery in Missouri, sparking heated debate.
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
A policy declaring the Western Hemisphere off-limits to European colonization, asserting U.S. influence in the Americas.
Election of 1824
A contested election where John Quincy Adams was chosen as president by the House of Representatives in what opponents called a "corrupt bargain."
Virginia Dynasty
A term for the dominance of Virginian presidents (Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe) in early U.S. history.
King Caucus
The system where congressional party members selected presidential candidates, replaced by more democratic nomination processes.
Succession of Secretary of State
A tradition where Secretaries of State (e.g., Jefferson, Madison, Monroe) often became presidents.
William Crawford
A candidate in the 1824 election who represented southern interests but suffered a stroke, weakening his campaign.
John Quincy Adams
Sixth president of the U.S., whose presidency focused on internal improvements but faced opposition from Jacksonian Democrats.
Panama Conference (1826)
A meeting of Latin American nations that John Quincy Adams supported, aiming to strengthen ties in the Western Hemisphere.
Election of 1828
Marked by a bitter campaign, Andrew Jackson defeated John Quincy Adams, representing a shift toward greater popular democracy.