Geography Exam Review Notes

Geography Exam Review

Exam Details

• Exam Dates:

  • Period 1 Class: Wednesday, Jan. 22nd, 8:45 am

  • Period 4 Class: Monday, Jan. 27th, 8:45 am

• Disclaimer: This review package is a helpful study tool, but may not cover every single item on the exam.

Exam Format

• Multiple Choice (15 questions)

• Definition Matching (15 questions)

• Graphs Analysis (10 marks)

• 1-page sight passage (16 marks): Read article, apply geographic perspectives (what's where, why there, why care)

• Bring: Pencils, pen, sharpener, eraser

Topics to Study

• Directions (compass directions, latitude & longitude)

• Rock cycle & plate tectonics (types of rocks & formation, plate tectonic theory, plate boundaries, earthquakes, subduction, volcanoes)

• Landform regions (formation, appearance, resources)

• Glaciers and their impact

• Vegetation and soil

• Climate (LOWERN, weather vs climate, continental vs maritime, climate graphs, climate regions)

• Climate change (what it is, how it occurs, greenhouse effect, impacts, actions to address, greenhouse gases)

• Resources (renewable vs non-renewable, primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary industries, stakeholders)

• Population (Canada's population numbers, trends, distribution, population vocabulary, demographic rates, HDI, developed/industrialized vs. developing/industrializing, population pyramids, immigration, push & pull factors)

• Livable communities (land uses, sustainable cities)

Terms to Know

• Erosion

• Subduction

• Earthquake

• Divergent

• Convergent

• Transform

• Glacier

• Pangaea

• Continental drift

• Plate tectonics

• Convection current

• Mantle

• Interior plains

• Appalachian mountains

• Canadian shield

• Innuitian mountains

• Hudson Bay Arctic Lowlands

• Western cordillera

• Great-lakes St Lawrence Lowlands

• Maritime climate

• Continental climate

• Latitude (as a climate factor)

• Ocean currents

• Relief

• Precipitation

• Winds and air masses

• Soil

• Deciduous

• Coniferous

• Grassland

• Tundra

• Sedimentary

• Igneous

• Metamorphic

• Magma

• Climate change

• Primary industry

• Secondary industry

• Tertiary industry

• Quaternary industry

• Permafrost

• Developed/industrialized country

• Developing/industrializing country

• Push factors

• Pull factors

• Climate change

• Greenhouse effect

• Fossil fuels

• Greenhouse gases

• GIS

• GPS

• Urbanization

• Refugee

• Range

• Indigenous

• Working Age

• Dependency Load

• Desertification

• Life expectancy

• Stakeholder

• Family class

• Economic class

• Migrant

• Low density residential

• High density residential

• Net Migration Rate

• Birth rate

• Death rate

• Natural increase rate

• Immigration rate

• Emigration rate

• Population growth rate

• Doubling time

• Population pyramid

• Human Development Index (HDI)

• Sustainable development

• Industrial land use

• Commercial land use

• Institutional land use

• Transportation land use

• Residential land use

Review Questions

Rock Cycle, Plate Tectonics, Geologic History

1. Three Main Types of Rocks:

   • Sedimentary:

     • Formation: Small, eroded pieces of other rocks (sediments) are compressed together.

     • Characteristics: Soft, component parts are often visible, and layers are present.

   • Igneous:

     • Formation: Magma cools down into rock, either on the surface or below.

     • Characteristics: Uniform; can be smooth and glass-like or with bubbles.

   • Metamorphic:

     • Formation: Sedimentary or igneous rock is placed under immense heat and pressure deep within the Earth.

     • Characteristics: More uniform than sedimentary but can still have layers; crystals may be present.

2. Processes:

   • Erosion: Broken-down pieces of rock are moved by wind, rain, plants, etc.

   • Plate Tectonics: Giant pieces of Earth's crust (tectonic plates) move around due to convection currents in the magma below.

   • Subduction: A weaker plate (usually oceanic) goes under a thicker plate (usually continental). This process can create powerful volcanoes.

   • Convection Currents: A hotter substance rises and then sinks as it cools; this occurs in the mantle as magma heats up, rises, cools off under the crust, and then sinks back down.

3. Plate Boundaries:

   • Divergent:

     • Description: Plates move apart

   • Convergent:

     • Mariana's Trench

   • Transform:

     • San Andreas Fault (West coast, California)

4. Boundary Types and Geological Features:

   • Mountains: Convergent

   • Earthquakes: Transform

   • Volcanoes: Convergent/Divergent

5. Continental Drift Theory:

   • The theory that the tectonic plates are always moving, and therefore the shape & location of the continents looks different over time.

   • Evidence:

     • Matching fossils on different continents

     • Matching landforms on different continents

     • Evidence of an ancient ice age in places that are currently hot

     • The shape of some continents match

6. Plate Tectonics Theory:

   • Plate tectonic theory is the mare complete theory that explains why there is movement (Convection currents)

7. Last Major Period of Glaciation:

   • The last major period of glaciation ended around 12,000 years ago.

8. Glaciation's Influence on Canada:

   • As glaciers retreated, they scratched the land and rock below them, creating scratches and holes in the Canadian Shield. As the glaciers melted, the holes filled and turned into lakes.

   • Glaciers also carved out the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands and made fertile soil there.

   • They also created the Hudson Bay- Arctic Lowlands.

Landform Regions

9. Canada's Oldest Landform Region:

   • Canadian Shield

10. Landform Region Rich in Metallic Mineral Deposits:

    • Canadian Shield

11. Landform Region Rich in Fossil Fuels and Flat Land:

    • Interior Plains

12. Landform Region with Rounded Mountains and Fall Colors:

    • Appalachian Mountains

13. Landform Region Scenic Mountains growing:

    • Western Cordillera

14. Landform Region Sedimentary Rock Carved into Deep Lake Basins:

    • Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands

15. Landform Region Tall, Barren Mountains:

    • Innuitian Mountains

16. Comparison of Landform Regions:

    • See relevant slideshow/your notes

Climate

17. Weather vs. Climate:

    • Weather = day-to-day characteristics of temperature, precipitation, cloud cover, wind.

    • Climate = long-term patterns of weather.

18. Maritime vs. Continental Climate:

    • Maritime:

      1. Smaller temperature range

      2. High precipitation

      3. Physically located close to ocean/ large bodies of water

    • Continental:

      1. Larger temperature range

      2. Laver precipitation

      3. Far from Ocean/ large bodies of water

19. Canadian Climate Regions:

    • Pacific Maritime:

      • lower temp range

      • high precipitation

      • cool summers, mild winters

    • Arctic:

      • very cold winters; short, summers

      • low precipitation

      • permafrost

    • South Eastern:

      • high temp. range

      • cold winters, hot summer

      • a medium precipitation

    • Prairie:

      • high temp range

      • cold winters, hot summers

      • periods of dryness

      • high amants of wind

20. Factors Affecting Climate (LOWERN):

    • LATITUDE:

      • The further from the Equator a place is, the colder it will be.

    • OCEAN CURRENTS:

      • Ocean currents move hot and cool water around, which in turn warms or cools the above it, and winds blow this cur onto place land.

    • WIND:

      • Moves hot/cool/moist/dry air around

    • ELEVATION:

      • The higher the place, the coder it will be

    • RELIEF:

      • Physical features (ex. mountains) can block air, change wind patterns, etc. Ex. Rain shaduw effect

    • NEARNESS TO WATER:

      • Large bodies of water have a moderating effect on temperature

      • They can also add humidity/ increase precipitation

21. Actions to Address Climate Change:

    • Individuals: Carpool or take transit rather than driving alone (reduces your footprint)

    • Corporations: reduce packaging resp. plastic) plastic comes from oil; trash is burned cr Creates Cty in Landfills.

    • Governments: Implement Carbon taxes to incentivize change

Resources and Climate Change

22. Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change:

    • Greenhouse Effect: Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere prevent heat from the sun from radiating out back cut into space, warming the Earth.

    • Climate Change: Strengthening of the greenhouse gas due to humans emitting excess greenhouse gasses (ex. CO_2), heating up the Earth too much.

23. Industries:

    • Primary Industry: Resource extraction/cultivation.

      • Examples: farming, mining, logging.

    • Secondary Industry: Manufacturing, making things with resources.

      • Examples: construction, auto manufacturing, paper making.

    • Tertiary Industry: Service industry.

      • Examples: accant ant, retail worker, lawyer.

    • Quaternary Industry: Knowledge/information.

      • Examples: computer programmer, university professor, scientist.

24. Resource Definitions:

    • Renewable Resource: A resource that will not run out cif properly managed.

    • Non-Renewable Resource: A resource that will eventually run aut

25. Resource Types:

    • Wind: R

    • Iron: R

    • Gravel: NR

    • Oil: NR

    • Hydropower: R

    • Soil: R

    • Maple Syrup: R

    • Copper: NR

    • Wheat: R

    • Natural Gas: NR

    • Soy: R

    • Sunlight: R

    • Gold: NR

    • Fish: R

    • Water: R

    • Lumber: R

    • Livestock: R

    • Aluminum: NR

26. Influence of Natural Resources on Settlement:

    • Humans tend to settle arand water, was a surce of свей energy and to help move goods, so there is a lot of early settlement аиме the St. Laurence River and the Great Lakes. Other resources such as lumber, minerals, fertile soil, etc., encaraged Northern and Western settlement, including the opening of resarce tauns

Population

27. Canada's Population (2024):

    • 41,400,000

28. Urban Population Percentage:

    • 82%

29. Distribution of Canada's Population:

    • Mainly in the South along US border; high density in Great Lakes St. Lawrence Lavlands & East Coast; sparsly popolated in the North.

30. Canada's Population Growth:

    • At this very moment, stable, but as immigration decreases due to federal policies and the country moves into Stage 5 of the DTM, our population will begin to decrease due to a Slaving birth rate

31. Dependency Load:

    • Ages 0-14 and 65+ & too old or too yang to work & pay taxes.

32. Impact of Industrialization on a Country:

    • cantry industrializes ("developes"), the birth and death rate (and eventually decline, and while the population growth rate picks up at first, it slaus dain as the cantry enter's stage 4 and then eventually becomes negative once the cantry enters stage 5.

33. Stages in the Demographic Transition Model:

    • Stage 1: High B.R., high D.R., stable & small population

    • Stage 2: High BR.; D.R. lowers due to hygene, medicine, etc.; population begins to grav

    • Stage 3: B.R. begins to fall due to social changes; D.R. is fairly low; pcp. _continues to grow.

    • Stage 4: Low B.R. & D.R.; population stabilizes

    • Stage 5: Low D.R., even lower B. R. population declines

34. Rates & Calculation:

    • Birth Rate:

      • What it measures: how many children are being bom (per 1000 people)

      • How to calculate: \frac{\text{# of Population}}{1000}

    • Natural Increase Rate:

      • What it measures: how fast the population is growing due to births and deaths

      • How to calculate: birth rate - death rate

    • Net Migration Rate:

      • What it measures: how fast the population is graving due to migration

      • How to calculate: immigration rate - emigration rate

    • Population Growth Rate:

      • What it measures: how fast the population is graving in general

      • How to calculate: Natural Increase Rate + Net Migration Rate

35. Human Development Index (HDI):

    • Includes indicators such as life expectancy, years of schooling, GDP per capita, etc. to measure achievement in key areas of human development.

36. Changes in Canada's Population Age Structure:

    • has become older Chigher old age dependency load, compared to the youth dependency load after the baby boem)

    • higher percentage of immigrantsz in population over last loo years

    • next 20 years: can expect an aging population with fewer babies being born.

37. Impact of Demographic Changes:

    • will put a strain on social services & the economy as there will be fewer and fewer working age citizens to shoulder the tax burden

    • increased pressure demand on services and infrastructure with fewer people to build/create and pay for them.

38. Issues Faced by Rural Communities:

    • declining populations as yang people more to urban areas for more opportunities

    • fewer and fewer ways to access resarces (ex, docters moving to urban centres; governments consolidating & closing down service locations to save

Liveable Communities

39. Land Uses:

    • Residential:

      • Definition: land for living

      • Example: houses, apartment buildings

    • Commercial:

      • Definition: land for retail/services/ Commerce

      • Example: shopping mall, office building

    • Institutional:

      • Definition: land for public / low-cost Services for the community

      • Example: government office, library

    • Industrial:

      • Definition: land for industrial uses such as manufacturing, storage processing etcn

      • Example: Storage units, factory

    • Recreational/ Open Space:

      • Definition: land used for pleasure and mostly kept unbuilt

      • Example: ravine pathways, soccer field

    • Transportation:

      • Definition: land for transportation er

    • Prioritize bike lanes & transit lanes encarages people to drive less and reduce their carbon footprint

    • Increase residential density: apartment duellers use fewer resarces than people who live in houses

    • Add green roofs: increases GHG-absorbing plants and lovers the city's temperature

    • Increase the tree canopy: trees absorb GHGs and provide animal habitats

    • Put everything people need within walking distance: people can rely on GHG-free transportation like walking

Graphs and Analysis

41. Population Pyramid A vs. Population Pyramid B:

    • A = shrinking population; stage 4/5 (highly industrialized); high life expectancy

    • B = rapidly growing population; stage 2 (not yet industrialized); low life expectancy

42. Social Spending Priorities:

    • Country A:

      • old age-related health care & living facilities.

      • pensions will be used which means there will be a strain on the economy unless immigration increases

      • need to provide education to replace aging workforce.

    • Country B:

      • healthcare: reduce infant mortality rate and increase life expectancy to slow. daun population grauth

      • for all the new children

43. Climate Graph Construction:

    • Data needed to construct: [Daily Average Temperature (°C), Precipitation (mm)]

    • Graph Example: Temperature (°C), Precipitation mm

44. Temperature Range Calculation:

    • Show your work

    • 11 - (-10.8) = 21.8$$°C

45. Climate Type:

    • Maritime temperature range is rather small and there is fairly consistent precipitation year rand

46. Canadian Climate Region:

    • I would say this place is coastal. but fairly north Cex. Yukon territory, Southern Nunavut).

    • the summer is quite cool, which means it's a northern location, but there is enough precipitation to indicate that it's not in the extreme North, which is a desert cold desert.).

Sight Passage

47. Analyzing the Article:

    • What is a stakeholder?

      • A stakeholder is anyone who is interested in involved in/affected by an issue.

    • Who are the stakeholders in this situation?

      • First Nations and Indigenous peoples in Canada, especially those on boil-water advisories

      • Federal govenment, including INAC, the Prime Minister, and the Minister of Indigenous Affairs

      • water treatment plant owners and employees.

      • taxpayers

      • provincial governments

      • Local municipal and Indigenous governments

48. How is the issue….

    • Social (How are people and their daily lives impacted? How are different groups of people affected differently?)

      • Discrimination against Indigenous people

      • sends the message that the government does not care

      • people's basic human rights

    • Political (how does it involve government decisions? What influences those decisions? What are their impacts)

      • The government may be trying to help the situation, but is not doing so efficiently or effectively (it is also doing this decades after it should have done it!)

    • Economic (How are the economy, jobs and profits affected?)

      • Companies may be making money building water treatment facilities that don't work well; to payer dollars are wasted on inefficient & ineffective solutions

    • Environmental (how is the natural environment affected?)

      • water treatment facilities can repair damages done by industries & human behaviar (ex. waste disposal done improperly), therefore no treatment facilities = environmental damage.