APHUG Unit 5 Summary

1. Physical Environment

   • presence or absence of nutritious soil

2. Climate (long-term weather)

   • Tropical Climate (low-latitude) - great for agriculture

     • typically used for commodity crops (exports)

   • Arid Climate - no good for agriculture

   • Semi-Arid Climates - get just enough precipitation for agriculture (good for grazing and nomadic lifestyle)

   • Moderate Climate (mid latitude) - warm summers and cold winters w/ average rainfall; okay for agriculture

   • Mediterranean Climate - average temp. year-round, decent rainfall in winters

• tropical = growing fruits

• moderate = wheat, flat terrain

• Mediterranean = palm oil, grapes, dates

Intensive Farming:

• farmers and ranchers use a high amount of inputs (human labor, money, machines, pesticides, herbicides, etc.) in order to maximize maximize their yield

• intensively used land and as maximum output per acre

Market Gardening (Truck Farming):

• small scale farming of fruits & veggies

• served to a specific local market

• commercial & intensive → investing in greenhouses, pesticides, and labor

• not much machinery

Extensive Agriculture:

• farmers & ranchers use relatively low inputs and gain lower yields, relying on natural soil

  • no enhancers/pesticides

• occurs primarily in LDC, as these countries can’t afford the intensive agriculture inputs (labor, pesticides, machinery)

• Subsistence

Types of Extensive:

1. Shifting Cultivation - the cultivation of a plot of land until all the resources are exhausted and then moving to new land (shifting your agriculture location to where it’s supported cycle)

• ex Slash & Burn

2. Nomadic Herding - breeding of domestic animals to drive across large pasture lands in different seasons

3. Ranching - use of large tracts of land to raise animals to sell their meat, hides, or wool

Plantation Farming:

• very large scale farming of a single crop to sell on the market

• typically specialized in a certain commodity crop

  • ex. palm oil, cotton, coffee, sugarcane, wheat etc.

• requires large amounts of human labor, high quality seeds, herbicides, etc.

Mixed Crop/Livestock:

• both crops + livestock on farm are raised for sell on the market

  • make money year-round

• cycle of animal manure -. plants, plants → feed animals, excess sold

• Commercial

1. Clustered (Nucleated)

• a village is packed together

• fields are usually a distance away, surrounding the houses

• shared services (ex.schools)

• a strong sense of community

• usually sedentary farming

2. Dispersed (Isolated)

• a village is spread out

• assumption that there are enough resources for everyone to spread out

• usually nomadic herding

3. Linear

• equal access to rivers and roads

1. Metes & Bound

(ex. East Coast)

• land is split up by natural landmarks like trees and rivers, creating irregularly shaped areas

2. Township & Range

ex. Midwest and Land Ordinance of 1785

• land divided by precise straight lines, typically in a grid pattern, that doesn’t take into account the natural

3. Long Lot

ex. Mississippi River Delta

• land is divided into narrow strips, typically along a river or road, for equal access to trade and resources

Fertile Crescent

• wheat, barley, pigs, sheep

Indus-River Valley (Pakistan)

• wheat, barley, peas, camels, buffalo

Southeast Asia (the Philippines)

• sugarcane, root veggies, pigs

Central Americas

• maize, potatoes, beans, turkey

Columbian Exchange

Exchange of plans, animals, people, and resources between the Americas, Europe, and Africa.