Anatomy Lecture 1

Anatomy::study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another

Physiology::Study of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities

Four major classes of biomolecules:: Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids \n Proteins::built from amino acids, fundamental component of structure and dynamic metabolic function in the cell \n Lipids::no specific building blocks, long term energy molecule, structural component of the membrane bilayer, facilitator of cell-cell interactions \n Carbohydrates::built from monosaccharides, structural molecule attaches on protein for cell recognition and energy storage \n Nucleic Acids::built from nucleotides, unit for DNA (hereditary info) and RNA (protein synthesis)

Mitochondria example of structure/function::specialized folds of mitochondrial membrane leads to Increase in surface area for proteins that carry out mitochondrial respiration

Requirements for life::Maintaining boundaries, Movement, Responsiveness, Digestion, Metabolism, Excretion, Reproduction, Growth

There are 11 organ systems in the human body::Integumentary System, Skeletal System, Muscular System, Nervous System, Cardiovascular System, Endocrine System, Lymphatic System, Respiratory System, Digestive System, Urinary System, Male Reproductive System, Female Reproductive System

\n Integumentary System::Hair, skin, nails; offers protection and covering, synthesizes vitamin D and houses cutaneous(pain, pressure etc.) receptors and sweat/oil glands \n Skeletal System::Joints and bones; protects and supports organs, provides a framework for the muscles to move, blood cells are formed within bones and minerals are stored inside bones \n Muscular System::Muscles; allows manipulation of the environment, movement, and facial expression, maintains posture and reduces heat \n Nervous System::Brain, nerves, spinal cord; Fast-acting control system, responds to internal and external changes by activating muscles and glands as needed \n Cardiovascular System::Heart, blood vessels; transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc, heart pumps blood \n Endocrine System::Glands, pancreas, reproductive organs; secrete hormones to regulate growth, reproduction, and nutrient use \n Lymphatic System::Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus; Picks up fluid leaked by blood vessels and returns it to blood, disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream, houses white blood cells \n Respiratory System::Nasal cavity, lungs, trachea; keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes CO2 \n Digestive System::Oral cavity, stomach, large intestine; breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells \n Urinary System::Kidney, bladder, urethra;eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body, regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of blood \n Male Reproductive System::Penis, prostate, testis; Production of offspring,testis produce sperm \n Female Reproductive System::Mammary glands, ovaries, uterus; Produces offspring, ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones

All cells comprise at least::plasma membrane, genetic material, and cytosolic fluid

Four major categories of tissue:: Connective, Muscle, Epithelial, Nervous

Connective::provides support/integrity for other tissues, has varied cell arrangement

Muscle::generates mechanical force, includes skeletal (voluntary), smooth (involuntary), cardiac (involuntary)

Epithelial::lines walls of open tubes, provides secretory and absorptive surfaces, basal and apical (bottom and top)

Nervous::glia provide protection nourishment and support to nerve cells, provides long-distance communication within the body

Anatomical position::hands at side, palms forward, feet together \n Supine position::face up \n Prone position::face down

\n Anterior (Cranial)::toward the front of the body \n Posterior::toward the back of the body \n Medial::closer to the midline that divides the body left and right \n Lateral::Further away from the midline that divides the body left and right \n Superior::closer to the head \n Inferior::toward the feet \n Proximal::Closer to the trunk (bigger part of the body) \n Distal::Further from the trunk \n Superficial::Closer to the surface of the body \n Deep::Farther from the surface of the body

\n Transverse Section::divides body into upper and lower sections \n Sagittal Section::Divides the body into left and right sections \n Coronal Section::Divides body into anterior and posterior sections \n

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Homeostasis::the processes that maintain steady conditions within the human body

Homeostatic set points::established thresholds required for physiological processes to maintain balance

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Negative Feedback::The outcome of the feedback loop is a return to the homeostatic set point

Positive Feedback::The physiological response elicited by the stimulus acts to increase the original stimulus

Insulin regulation is an example of::negative feedback