Humanities Chapter 10: The Counter-Reformation and the Baroque

Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina served as choirmaster at the Capella Giulia in the Vatican and composed the Mass for Pope Marcellus.

The term braggettoni was assigned to those who painted draperies over the “offensive” areas of the nude figures in Michelangelo’s Last Judgement.

Coreggio created Jupiter and Io as a part of the set of paintings commissioned by Frederico 6Gonzaga of Mantua.

Jupiter appears to IO in the painting commissioned by Frederico Gonzaga of Mantua as a cloud.

Teresa of Avila wrote The Way to Perfection which describes the ascent of the soul to union with the Holy Spirit.

El Greco painted the Resurrection, which includes distinct mannerist qualities and is decorous to the extent that draperies carefully conceal all inappropriate nudity.

The characteristics mentioned as “innovative” qualities of Don Quixote:

• Using everyday speech in dialogue

• Creating vivid and complex portraits of the main and subordinate characters

• Presenting the narrative in a solemn style free form affection

• In delicate juxtaposition with the comic scenes

As the author of spiritual Exercise, Ignatius of Loyola called on Jesuits to develop all of their senses.

Bernini completed the sculptural program for the Cornaro Chapel in the Church of Santa Maria della Vittoria in Rome.

Michelangelo Merisi (Caravaggio) painted  The Calling of Saint Mathew for the Contarelli Chapel in the Church of Sam Luigi dei Francesi in Rome.

In Caravaggio’s The Calling of Saint Matthew, Saint Peter is standing beside Christ.

Artemisia Gentileschi painted five separate versions of the biblical story of Judith and Holofernes and was admitted to the Florentine Academy of Design.

Artemisia Gentileschi, in addition to Judith, dramatized the stories of Susannah, Bathshebem Lucretia, Cleopatra, Esther, Diana, and Potiphar.

In the 17th century, Venice became the center of musical innovation and practice in Europe.

Giovanni Gabrieli is considered the first composer to specify dynamics by indicating piano for “soft” and forte for “loud”.

Venice was so popular that composers from across Europe came to study music thus Italian became the international language of music.

Orfeo required an orchestra of three dozen instruments - including ten viols, three trombones, and four trumpets.

Antonio Vivaldi is most closely associated with the concerto musical forms.

Antonio Vivaldi composed The Four Seasons.

The View of Haarlem from the Dunes of Overveen is considered a “landscape” painting.

Jan Steen was particularly successful with genre scenes, including The Dancing Couple.

Johann Sebastian Bach composed the series of instrumental works known as the Brandenburg concertos.

Among the French during the 17th century, architecture was designed to convey the absolute power of the monarchy.

Charles le Brun served as chief painter to Louis XIV and directed the team of artists who decorated the interior of the Palace of Versailles.

Andre Le Notre was the landscape architect in charge of the grounds at the Palace of Versailles.

Peter Paul Rubens painted The Arrival and Reception of Marie de’ Medici at Marselles.

Louis XIV and Amand-Jean de Plessis wagered the painting collections of Poussin and Rubens over a tennis match.

Nicolas Poussin painted Arcadian Shepherds.

Jean-Baptiste Lully served as the head of the Royal Academy of Music and created a new operative genre known as tragedie en musique.

A gigue refers to a very lively dance, fast in tempo, and usually employing a 6/8 meter.

Ballet Positions:

• First Position - heels touching, feet forming a straight line.

• Second Position - heels wide apart, feet forming a straight line.

• Third Position - one foot in front of the other with heel against the instep.

• Fourth Position - feet apart, one in front of the other, heels in line.

• Fifth Position - one foot in front of the other with the heel against the joint of the big toe.

Sarabande refers to a slow and stately dance, with accent on the second beat, in triple meter.

Minuet refers to an elegant triple-time dance of moderate tempo, a dance form that quickly became the most popular of the age.

Moliere is the author of Tartuffe and was in disfavor with many in the French Court because he permitted few people to escape his ridicule.

James II lost the throne during the Glorious Revolution of 1688.

Diego Velasquez created Las Meninas and became the only artist permitted to paint Spain’s King Philip IV.

Luis Nino created Our Lady of the Victory of Malaga which employs brocateado, a technique extremely popular among the Cuzco painters.

Following the leaf of King Charles II of England, who had chartered the Royal Society in 1662, Louis XiV created the French Academy of Sciences in 1666.