Sociology Chapter 15

Learning Objectives (LOs):
- LO1: Defining Globalization
- LO2 & LO3: The Emergence of Globalization
- LO4: Characteristics of Globalization
- LO5 & LO6: The Vision of Globalization and its Reality
- LO7: Global Justice Movements
- LO8: Sociology in Theory

Globalization: The process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments across the globe.
Globality: The social condition characterized by a global connectivity and interdependence.

Historical Factors:
- Historical trade routes: Established connections across various civilizations.
- Migration patterns: Movement of populations that facilitated cultural exchange.
19th Century Technological Developments: Innovations in transportation and communication that increased global interactions.
Post World War II: Shift towards global collaboration and rebuilding efforts.
Decolonialization: Countries gaining independence and establishing their roles in a global context.
Transnational Financial/Political Institutions: Development of organizations aimed at fostering international cooperation and policy coordination.

Neoliberalism: An economic philosophy promoting free markets, deregulation, and privatization.
- Historical roots trace back to the 20th century advocating minimal state intervention.

Establishment of Transnational Institutions:
- 1945: World Bank
- 1946: International Monetary Fund (IMF)
- 1947: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
- 1994: World Trade Organization (WTO)

Deregulation: Reduction of government rules ensuring free market operations.
Privatization: Transfer of public services or assets to private ownership.

Technological: Enables connections and exchanges on a global scale.
Economic: Expansion of markets and flexible production processes.
- Consequence: Concentration of economic power.
Political:
- Rising concerns over declining state power and shifting governance to regional bodies and networks.
Cultural:
- Cultural migration and the influence of the internet and consumerism.

Apple vs. Countries' GDPs (2015):
- Apple's market value compared to the GDPs of various countries demonstrates economic scale.

Declining State Power:
- Power shifts to regional organizations, cities, and civil society networks.

Cultural Migration: Movement of cultures through migration and globalization processes.

Positive Aspects:
- Increases in employment, support for development, enhanced trade, and sharing of cultural knowledge.

Rise in extreme poverty and increasing polarization.
The Digital Divide: Access issues to secondary education creating social disparities.

Patterns of Social Inequality stem from how globalization is implemented.
Capital vs. Labor: Global capital thrives while local labor faces challenges.

Issues of Child Labor and worsening working conditions, referred to as the Race to the Bottom.
Lack of Institutional Accountability: Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) lead to reduced spending on social services.

Processes leading to Cultural Homogenization and Glocalization: Blending of local and global cultures.

Movements resisting neoliberalism involve diverse groups fighting against various global injustices.

Modernization Theory: Suggests that economic growth leads to social progress, urging developing countries to adopt Western values.
Dependency/World-system Theory: Considers the exploitation and economic dependence in a global context.

Focus on global gender inequalities and importance of resisting global economic subordination of women.

Foundation for post-WW2 ideology; promotes the idea that economic and technological advances bring social progress.
Walt Rostow’s Theory: Critiques traditional values as barriers to development, suggesting developed nations guide the less developed.

Criticizes Modernization Theory; emphasizes that it doesn't benefit all societies equally, but rather creates new forms of dependence.

Highlights gender issues in globalization, advocating for women's rights in the global economy and promoting feminist methodologies.