Electronics and Digital Systems

1.1 Fundamentals of Electrical Systems

  • Electrical Systems: Involve the movement of charged electrons through a conductor (wire).

  • Core Components:

    • Voltage (V): The potential for charge to move, measured in volts.

    • Current (I): The amount of charge flow, measured in amps.

    • Resistance (R): Opposition to current flow, measured in ohms.

  • Ohm's Law: The relationship V = IR. Increasing voltage increases current, while increasing resistance decreases current (I = \frac{V}{R}).

1.2 Switches and CMOS Technology

  • Switches: Allow or block electricity flow. Electronic switches use a voltage input to control state.

  • Transistors: Non-mechanical, compact switches essential for modern integrated circuits.

  • CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor):

    • nMOS: Conducts when the control input is 1.

    • pMOS: Conducts when the control input is 0.