APUSH Unit 4 Review Notes

Foreign Policy and Federal Power

• Debates between Democratic-Republicans and Federalists continued, especially regarding foreign powers and federal power.
• Barbary Pirates: Jefferson initially opposed paying tribute, but later negotiated reduced payments after attacks on US ships.
• Strict vs. Loose Constructionism: Democratic-Republicans favored strict interpretation of the Constitution, while Federalists favored loose interpretation.
• Louisiana Purchase: Jefferson bought Louisiana from France for 15,000,000, despite being a strict constructionist, to expand agrarian opportunities and cut off European influence.
• Lewis and Clark Expedition: Explored and mapped the Louisiana territory, increasing scientific knowledge and diplomatic relations with Indians.

Supreme Court and Federal Power

• Marbury v. Madison (1803): Established judicial review, increasing the Supreme Court's power.
• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): Affirmed that federal law trumps state law.

War of 1812 and Nationalism

• Causes: British impressment of sailors, seizure of American ships, and conflicts with Native Americans.
• Federalists opposed the war, leading to the Hartford Convention and talks of secession.
• Consequences: Increased nationalism, demise of the Federalist Party, and recognition of economic weaknesses.

Henry Clay's American System

• Policies: Federally funded internal improvements, protective tariffs, and a second Bank of the United States.
• Madison vetoed internal improvements, but tariffs and the bank were implemented.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

• Missouri's application for statehood provoked conflict over the balance of free and slave states.
• Missouri was admitted as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and slavery was prohibited north of the 36°30′ line.

Territorial Expansion and Diplomacy

• Treaties: Established the Canadian border at the 49th Parallel and joint US-British occupation of Oregon Territory.
• Adams-Onís Treaty (1819): Spain sold Florida to the US and defined the southern border.
• Monroe Doctrine (1823): Asserted US dominance in the Western Hemisphere, preventing further European influence.

Market Revolution

• Linking of Northern industries with Western and Southern farms through advances in agriculture, industry, communication, and transportation.
• Key inventions: Cotton gin, spinning machine, interchangeable parts.
• Transportation improvements: Steamboats, canals (e.g., Erie Canal), and railroads.

Social Changes

• Urbanization: Rapid growth of cities with increased immigration from Germany and Ireland.
• Tenements: Overcrowded and unsanitary housing for the laboring poor.
• Middle Class: Emergence of a new class of businessmen, shopkeepers, and professionals.
• Cult of Domesticity: The idea that women's roles revolved around childbearing and making her home a haven of rest for her husband.

Expansion of Democracy

• Suffrage Expansion: Property qualifications for voting were lowered or eliminated, increasing the number of voters.
• Election of 1824: Jackson won the popular vote but lost to Adams due to a "corrupt bargain."
• Election of 1828: Jackson won, marking a shift towards greater popular participation in politics.

Jacksonian Democracy and Federal Power

• Democrats (Jackson) vs. Whigs (Clay): Differed on the scope of federal power.
• Tariff of Abominations (1828): Raised import duties, opposed by Southerners.
• Nullification Crisis: South Carolina nullified the tariff, leading to the Force Bill.
• Bank War: Jackson vetoed the recharter of the Second Bank of the United States, viewing it as favoring the elite.
• Indian Removal Act (1830): Forced removal of Native American tribes, including the Cherokee.
• Trail of Tears: Forced relocation of the Cherokee after the Treaty of New Echota.

American Culture and Reform

• Noah Webster: Standardized American English through his dictionary.
• Transcendentalism: Emphasized nature, human perfectibility, and passion (Emerson, Thoreau).
• Utopian Communities: Groups seeking spiritual renewal and communal living (e.g., Oneida community).
• Second Great Awakening: Religious revivals emphasizing social reform (Charles Finney).
• Temperance Movement: Advocated for complete abstinence from alcohol (American Temperance Society).
• Mormonism: Founded by Joseph Smith, leading to the establishment of a theocracy in Utah.

Abolitionism and Women's Rights

• Abolitionist Movement: Gained momentum with figures like William Lloyd Garrison (The Liberator).
• American Anti-Slavery Society: Promoted abolition through moral persuasion.
• Seneca Falls Convention (1848): First women's rights conference, Declaration of Sentiments.

The South

• Plantation System: Expanded with increased cotton production, creating a wealthy aristocracy.
• Slave Culture: Maintained community through songs and cultural practices.
• Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831): Slave revolt that increased fear and restrictions on slaves.
• Yeoman Farmers: Independent landowners who generally supported slavery.
• Expansion of Slavery: Spread westward due to soil depletion in the South.