Western and Eastern Concepts of Self

THE WESTERN AND EASTERN CONCEPTS OF THE SELF

Overview

• This document explores the contrasting perspectives of the self in Western and Eastern philosophies.

Western Concept of Self

Definition by Geertz

• Quote: "... a bounded, unique, more or less integrated such wholes and motivational and cognitive universe, a dynamic center of awareness, emotion, judgment, and action organized into a distinctive whole..."

Characteristics

1. Analytic Thinking

   • Focuses on breaking down complex wholes into parts to understand relationships (part-to-whole).

   • Causal links and distinctions are emphasized in problem-solving.

2. Monotheistic Influence

   • A belief in a single Supreme Being creates a duality in qualities of existence (e.g., good/evil).

   • Influences identity categories within social frameworks.

3. Individualistic Nature

   • Values personal freedom, allowing for self-fulfillment but also leading to alienation and frustration.

   • Each individual is viewed as a distinct entity.

4. Materialistic and Rationalistic Approach

   • Emphasis on tangible materials and empirical reasoning over spiritual or superstitious beliefs.

Personal Identity

• The Western self is characterized by self-awareness, unique identity, and a sense of purpose.

• It emphasizes sovereignty and personal control, resulting in a perceived stability over time.

Historical Development of Western Concept of Self

Pre-Christian to 1850

• Philosophical and theological perspectives exploring soul and mind, emphasizing consciousness and duality.

1850 - 1940

• Rise of experimental psychology shifted focus from abstract concepts to observable human faculties.

• Re-emergence of the self within social interactions.

1940 - Present

• Continuous development includes three levels of self: inner, interpersonal, and social.

• Blends existential and phenomenological approaches, fostering holistic understandings of self.

• Collaboration among various fields has enhanced understanding of situational contexts.

Eastern Concept of Self

Overview

• Eastern philosophies intertwine religion and thought, characterized by pluralism. Key traditions include:

  • Hinduism

  • Buddhism

  • Confucianism

  • Taoism

Goals

• Despite differing approaches, all aim for personal perfection and self-realization.

Hinduism

• Concept of Atman: The true self (soul) is eternal and aims to reunite with Brahman (absolute reality).

• Law of Karma: Every action has consequences that may extend beyond one lifetime, impacting one's reincarnation and future actions.

Buddhism

• Basic Principles: Life involves suffering, caused by desire; elimination of suffering is possible through the Eightfold Path.

• Concept of Self: Rejects a permanent self; instead, refers to a collection of transient states.

• Ultimately, the objective is to achieve Nirvana, a state beyond self-reference.

Confucianism

• Centers on moral relationships and the concept of relational self. Advocates self-cultivation and emphasizes knowing one's roles in society.

• The Golden Rule highlights the principle of reciprocity in social interactions.

Taoism

• Views self as part of the cosmos, advocating selflessness and harmony with nature.

• The goal is to live spontaneously in accordance with the natural order and embrace change.

Dichotomy of Western and Eastern Conceptions of Self

Key Differences

• Relational vs. Individualistic: Eastern thought is relational, emphasizing connection to others; Western thought is individualistic and autonomous.

• Cycles vs. Linear: Eastern philosophies view life as cyclical (birth, death, rebirth); Western perspectives see it as linear with distinct beginnings and endings.

• Intuition vs. Logic: Eastern wisdom values intuition; Western philosophies prioritize reason and empirical logic.

• Nature Reverence vs. Conflict: Eastern thought reveres nature as a pathway to introspection; Western culture often depicts a struggle against nature.