AP European History Unit 6

6.1-6.4 The Industrial Revolution

Contextualizing the Industrial Revolution

• Origin of the Industrial Revolution, industrial changes that occurred between 1780 and 1850, grew out through the process of development

• Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment brought new world view

  • Tried mastering the natural world

• Had prizes for people that would create new, useful inventions

• Trade with China helped development

• The mercantilism colonial empire allowed for the market to continue growing

• New methods of farming established

Industry in Great Britain

• Hungry 40s took place after the Little Ice Age

• 1818 had the worst working conditions

• 1851 Crystal Palace Exhibition

• Continued using wood for energy and relied on animals to do work

• Switched to coal and used it to produce and function machines

• Steam engines could quickly pump water out of mines

• The coal burning steam engine was the most fundamental advancement in the Industrial Revolution

• Production of iron increased and became cheap and indispensable, became a building block of the economy

• James Watt added a separate condenser to the steam engine, improving it majorly

• Steam loco motive, George Stephenson's rocket spend down the trade (Crystal Palace)

• Railroads reduced the cost of shipping

• Larger markets encouraged larger factories, with strong demand for unskilled workers

  • Growth of urban workers

• Britain proclaimed itself “workshop of the world”

  • Produced 20% of the world’s goods

The Spread of Industry Through Europe

• Western Europe wanted to recreate Britain’s success in their nations

• Power of the state promoted industrialization

• In France demand for homemade luxury grew, though they had less industrial cities

• The Customs Union was led by Prussia, would get rid of tariffs

  • Only one tariff for transferring across nations

• Prussia was the first German state to industrialize

  • Center for iron production

  • Mined over 6 million tons of coal a year

• By the mid 19th century Western Europe was industrialized

  • Spain lagged behind, stayed unchanged

  • Russia industrialized later in the century

  • Russia continued having serfdom

    • 1861 serfs released in Russia

The Second Wave of the Industrial Revolution

• After 1870 a new phase of the Industrial Revolution occurred because of the new sources of power

• Steel was manufactured and mass produced

• More steam engine improvements and electricity was used more

• Trans Atlantic Telegram helped with long distance communication, between America and Europe

• Chemical industries grew

Social Effects of the Industrialization

• Bad living conditions

  • 18 hour workdays

  • Poor light and ventilation

• Woman and children preferred, small hands

• Workers often were sick, developing lung diseases

• Workers were often injured and lost body parts in factories

• Home conditions were just as bad as the working conditions

  • Cities were overcrowded

  • Bad sewage systems

  • Cholera and Dysentery became very common, resulting in lots of deaths

• Life expectancy was reduced greatly

• Social problems increased: alcoholism, prostitution, crime, sanitation

• The middle class moved up in society and were able to buy nice homes and other luxury items

6.5-6.6 The Concert of Europe, Reactions, and Revolutions

Metternich — The Concert of Europe

• The Concert of Europe was also known as the congress system

  Conservatives developed an ideology in support of traditional political and religious authorities

• Conservatives believed that power should be in the hands of the upper class

• Metternich blamed the liberal middle class for instigating the working class

• Working class wanted an authoritarian aristocratic government because they were shocked by Napoleon’s rise to power

• Conservatives reestablished control

• Control was given through the Concert of Europe, and they tried to maintain the status quo

• The Congress of Vienna tried to combat nationalism and liberalism

Revolutions of 1830

• Congress of Vienna was in 1815

  Revolutions took place in, France, The Netherlands, Switzerland, and Poland

• France

  • Napoleon and Louis XVI ruled previously

    • After Louis Charles X ruled (1824)

  • Charles X was a member of the Bourbon dynasty

    • Opposed all liberal ideas

    • Ruled between 1824 and 1830

      • Voting and freedom of speech decreased

      • Role of RCC increased

      • Colonized Algeria

      • Revolts began happening, and he stepped down

  • Louis Philippe ruled from 1830 to 1848

    • July Monarch

    • Citizen King who ruled for king citizen

      • Focused mostly on the Bourgeoisie, not the rest of the Third Estate

• Switzerland

  • In 1830 Switzerland was dominated by Austria

    • The War of Sonderbund granted them independence

  • The story of William Tell, apple shot off the his son’s head

• Netherlands

  • Belgium and Netherlands united

  • Belgium had factories, Netherlands did the shipping

  • House of Orange in charge, Belgian alienated

  • Belgian independence and neutrality supported by Great Britain

• Poland

  • “Congress” Poland 1831

  • Alexander I liberal

  • Nicholas I conservative

    • Crushed the liberal Polish revolt

Revolutions and Reforms of 1848

• Late 1840s Europe was in a political and economic crisi

• All is under Louis Napoleon

  France

  • Louis Philippe

    • Lack of electoral reform, small franchise

    • Banquets held in order to gather

  • Poor economy

    • Rise of socialist ideas

      • “Workshops” created by Louis Blanc

  • Louis Napoleon

    • 2nd republic, Napoleon III

    • Rebuilds Paris

  • Bourgeoisie monarchy, had stubborn inaction and complacency, it served selfish interests of the wealthy elites

  • Severe depression and crop failures in 1846 and 1847

    • Eventually led to revolts of the lower class

      • used guns and threatened for a new government

  • Louis Philippe refused to call the army then abdicated

  • Began drafting a democratic, republican constitution for France’s second republic

  • Every adult male had the right to vote, slaves were freed, removed the death penalty and enacted work reforms

  • Worse depression and rising unemployment

  • Louis Blanc wanted government-sponsored workshops for people, as an alternative to capitalist employment

  • Compromise to create workshops

    • Pick and shovel works, no one enjoyed this

  • Eventually dissolved the national workshops

  • People would either work in workshops or join the military

    • Led to a spontaneous and violent uprising

    • Wars between classes

  • Revolutions do not succeed

  • Constituent Assembly made a constitution for a strong executive

    • Napoleon’s nephew elected as monarch

• Austria

  • Control struggles because of multi-ethnic empire

  • With Paris rising, students and and members of liberal clubs, demonstrated in Vienna for basic freedoms

  • Revolution began with the nationalist Hungarians wanting freedom, followed by the Chezcs who wanted to self rule

  • Habsburg monarchy put down the revolt in Hungary, and installed a conservative monarchy under Franz Joseph

• Prussia

  • German states demanded civil liberties and reformed monarchies

  • Fredrick William IV responded by killing the people , though he said he promised to create a constitutional monarchy

  • Frankfurt Assembly made the constitution

  • The national assembly called for a federal union headed by a hereditary emperor

  • Constitution was refused in Berlin

6.7-6.9 Ideologies, Reforms Movements

Liberal Reform in Great Britain

• Liberalism shifted from Laissez-Faire policies to the challenges of industrialization

• Passed the Reform Act of 1832

  • Ended suffrage for 2x men

  • Gave industrial cities representation

• Abolished slavery and Factory Act banned children under 9 from working and limiting the hours that older children, kids also had to go to school

• Poor Laws passed

  • Punished the poor by making them relief in government workhouses unpleasant

• Anti-Corn Law league founded, would allow lower prices and more jobs would be available

• Mines Act banned women and children from working in the mines, only 10 hours a day for women and children in factories

• Corn Laws were eventually repealed

Foundations of Modern Socialism

• Early thinkers thought industrialization and Laissez-Faire economics were selfish

• Wanted to help the poor

  • Preached economic equality and wanted business regulation, along with equal property

• Count Henri de Saint-Simon believed that the key to progress was proper social organization, plan the economy, and push forward by helping public works progress

• Charles Fourier envisioned a socialist utopia with the total emancipation of women

• Robert Owen felt that society should be organized in industrial-agricultural societies

• Pierre-Joseph Proudhon argued their property was profit that was stolen from the workers

• Louis Blanc focused on practical reforms, including voting rights

• State and community ownership

• Saint-Simon, Fourierm and Owen were considered Utopian Socialists

The Birth of Marxist Socialism

• Karl Marx wove the diffuse strands of socialist thought into a distinctly modern ideology

  • This was called Marxist Socialism, or Marxism

• Marx studied philosophy in Berlin before turning to journalism

  • This forced him to flee Prussia

• Marx traveled around Europe promoting his socialism, and often relied on his friend Fredrick Engles for financial support

• After the Revolutions of 1848 Marx moved to London and stayed there

  • He continued to advocate for a working class revolution

• Marx synthesized sociology, economics, philosophy, and history

• Marx did not like the ideas of the Utopian Socialists

  • He claimed that his version of Socialism was based off of science and history

• Marx believed that history had patterns and purpose and moved forward in the stages toward an ultimate goal

• Marx argued that class struggle and economic wealth produced change in human history

  • One class had always exploited the other

• Marx argued that the proletariat would gain a revolutionary class conscious

• The idea of a surplus value the difference between the value of goods and the wages the workers received to create them

• Marx and Engles published the communist’s manifesto in 1848

  • Reshaped left wing radicalism

• Capitalism was seen as exploitative by Marx

• Upper class was the Bourgeoisie

• Lower class was the Proletariat

Taming the City: Public Health Movement

• Previously cities were not sanitized and overcrowded

• To solve the problems the cities modernized infrastructure, regulated public health, reformed prisons, and created modern police forces

• The need for public housing was brought to attention

• Sewers and treatment plants were created to limit the pollution

• Germ theory was developed after the problems with drinking water worsened

  • Hospitals and operating rooms were sanitized

• Streets were being redesigned

• Created more open spaces and parks

• Developed mass systems of transportation

Crimean War and Unification

• Concert of Europe destruction allowed for national unification in Italy and Germany

• Shows weakness of the Ottoman Empire, and broke down the Concert of Europe

• Crimean War (1853-1856)

  • Long lasting, fueled Russia and Ottoman Empire

  • Russia wanted to expand into Romania

  • Ottoman Empire let France expand, not Russia

  • Russia forced to protect Orthodox in the Ottoman Empire

  • Other great powers stepped in

    • France and Great Britain against Russia

    • Austria and Prussia were neutral

  • Ineptitude in all fronts

  • Poorly equipped and trained on both sides

  • Forces bogged down and more died from malnutrition rather than fighting

  • Russia lost, forced to pull back

  • Invincible Russia was defended

  • Shows how far behind Western Europe they were

• Concert of Europe died after 25 years

• Photography created and embraced by the middle class

• A new generation of conservatives

  • Napoleon III

  • Cavour

  • Otto von Bismark

• Cavour and Garibaldi led to the unification of Italy