Unit 7A

shifting of State Powers  

The Weakening of the Ottomans   

• Young Turks- called for a complete modernization of the Ottoman empire and the rise to nationalism  

Ottoman Reforms: 

• Secularization of schools $ law codes  

• Establishment of political elections  

• Imposition of Turkish language   

The nationalistic policies alienated many other minorities within the empire, not least the Arabs 

Collapse of the Russan Empire   

• Russia entered the war with a large army however because they were not industrialized and in the face of rising casualties and food shortages, the Czar had to abdicate his thrown.  

• The war and the continued difficulties of industrialization then led to the Russian Revolution of 1917 which was led by Marxist visionary Vladimir Lenin who was the leader of a political group known as the Bolsheviks. 

The Chinese Boxer Rebellion 

• Qing Problems 

                   - Taiping Rebellion: Was put down by authorities but cost millions of lives  

                   - Loss of Opium Wars from the British 

                   - Loss of Sino- Japanese war: China was weak compared to the industrialized Japan 

• After the rise of the boxer rebellion and European powers to help shut the rebellion, Europe got a leg into China. 

• Sun Yat- Sen led a movement resulted in the removal of the last emperor in the Qing Dynasty 

• After various struggles China became a communist nation under the leader Mao Zendong  

Mexican Revolution 

• Ruled by Porfirio DIaz (ruled for almost 30 years) and his policies angered a lot of people 

• Civil wars erupted to overthrow the dictator, and this resulted in a revolution that pleased the people and had them fix what had started the revolution in the first place.  

World War I and its effects                                                      World War I 1914-1918 

MAIN Causes 

• M- Militarism:  

• Glory in war & increase in military spending 

•  New weaponry arose from the industrial revolution 

• Beginning of Naval race 

• A- Alliances: 

• Formation of treaties between countries for protection 

• Central powers (Triple Alliance)- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire  

• Allies (Triple Entente)- British, France, and Russia  

• I- Imperial Tension: 

• Colonies such as Britain and France, which had many colonies, raised tensions with Germany, which wanted to participate in the world carving.  

• N- Nationalism: 

• Colonies wanting to be their own country  

• Germany and Italy being “new kids”  

• The ottoman being torn due to these Nationalistic ideologies  

Allied Powers, Central Powers 

• Central Powers: rose from the close relationship between the leaders of Germany and Austria-Hungary.  

• German: Fear of aggressive France  

• Austria-Hungary: gave them a free hand to pursue the Balkans  

• Ottoman: The German was interested in friendly relations after the Italian declaration of war on them  

• Allies: Originated in a series of agreements that aimed to resolve colonial disputes  

• Signing of military pact in 1914 

Austrias declared war on Serbia after not compelling to provide the assassin. And the Russians was allies with the Serbians against Austria.  

The Germans declared war on Russia and, soon, France. The Schlieffen plan came to action. After the Germans do not respect Belgium’s neutrality, the British declared war.  

The Italy left the Central Powers and joined the Allies in 1915 

Women’s roles during the war and how it changed them after 

• Many women replaced men in the work field marking their way in “male” jobs  

• Making shells was an important role  

• Many women were exposed to great dangers  

• After the war women were encouraged to leave their jobs to accommodate men  

• After the war voting rights were given to women 

Trench warfare 

• German and Franco-British armies faced each other along the western front and remained stationary as both sides had defensive strategies. Remined for three years till 1918  

New technologies 

• Barbed Wire: highly effective for those who wanted to advance in no-man’s land 

• Machine Gun: most important advances  

• Gases: The mustard and poisonous gas was deadly lasting for hours  

• Diesel- powered submarine  

• Tanks and Airplanes  

• German zeppelin: A hydrogen- filled airship who rained bombs  

Wartime propaganda 

• Propaganda was used to maintain the spirt of the home front and to counter threats to national unity.  

• German propaganda depicted Russians as “semi- Asiatic barbarians” while French authorities chronicled the German as “Hun”  

• These propaganda led to the public misinformation to support their country 

Total War, Home Front 

-  Total War: A war that requires the mobilization of a country’s entire population, both military and civilian, in order to fight.  

• Home Front: How each nation controlled it’s economy and activated its noncombatant citizens to support the war  

  - Propaganda: These propaganda campaigns demonized enemies and often exaggerated the atrocities these enemies were committing  

+ People in various states began to view the world as a kind of like a collection of enemy rivals, and that their national identities were the most important thing a about them.  

• Economic measures: The war created many demands for raw materials and employment rose as the age range for military services increased.  

Japanese entered the war on the Allies side in 1914 after the Germans refused to handover the German- leased territory and withdraw its warships from Japanese and Chinese waters. During their entry in the war the Japanese continued to take possession of Germna- held Marshall Islands.  

Twenty- one Demands- After seizing German bases the Japanese presented the Chinese government with twenty- one secret demands that would place China under Japanese protection. However the note was leaked.  Is a bases for future Japanese pressure on China.  

The Allies invaded the African German colonies for specific objectives in attempt to hurt the Germans 

Many African civilians were brought into the war due to the Europeans losing their lives due to the disease and the war.  

Russia  

Brest-Litovsk Treaty – terms (treaty signed by Russia when pulling out of WWI), how affected Russia 

• The Bolshevik rulers ended Russia’s involvement in the Great War by signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on March 1918.  

 how affected Russia- The treaty gave the Germans possession or control of much of Russia’s territory and one-quarter of its population. The terms were embarrassing for Russia, however it’s leaving meant that Germany could focus on her fight with France.  

Big Four 

• Woodrow Wilison (United States): Advocated for his Fourteen Points and established the League of Nations  

• David Lloyd George (United Kingdom): Balancing between punishing Germany and maintaining European stability. 

• Georges Clemenceau (France): Pushed for harsh penalties on Germany  

• Vittorio Orlando (Italy): Focused on gaining territories promised in the Treaty of London  

Paris Peace Conference (1919) 

• Aimed to establish peace terms after World War 1  

• Resulted in multiple treaties: notable the TREATY OF VERSAILLES  

• Austria- Hungary was broken into several nations (New countries) 

• Harsh Penalties imposed on Germany; (Fuel of Adolf Hitler) 

Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points 

• U.S president Woodrow Wilson forwarded a proposal for a just and enduring postwar peace settlement 

• His goal was to have the defeated Central powers accept the points and for the Allies to use them a a foundation for later peace treaters.  

Fourteen Points 

• Open agreements of peace 

• Freedom of navigation on the seas  

• Removal of economic barriers/ equality of trade 

• Adjustments of colonial disputes: Fair between gov and population  

• Call for a general association of nations  

Have the defeated Central Powers to accept the Fourteen Points and the Allies to use them as a foundation for later peace treaties.  

“Self-determination” -  Free choice of one’s actions for states without outside influence  

• Principle peacemaking process was the concept of self- determination; promoted by Woodrow Wilson 

• Believed that self- determination was the key to international peace 

• Most directed at European populations  

Versailles Treaty – terms, - Between the Allies and the defeated Germany: Blamed the war on Germany 

• Effects               War Officially ended with this treaty in 1918  

• Germany lost all its overseas colonies  

• Prohibited Germany from a navy and an air force  

• Prohibition from entering any sort of political union  

• Central Powers especially Germany pay the war debt ($33 billion)  

• Germany accept it was responsible for starting the war  

• Germany excluded from the league of nations 

• who was/wasn’t included in meeting 

• Included: The Big Four; Representatives from other Allied Nations 

• Excluded: Germany and Russia (Due to its withdrawal) 

 how Germany was affected 

Was affected by hyperinflation after deciding to print more money  

• Short- Term Effects: 

• Ended the World War I and establishing a new European map.  

• The creation of the League of Nations  

• Long- Term Effects:  

• Economic downstream and political unrest in Germany  

• Contributed to the outbreak of World War II                                  

League of Nations- Forerunner of the United Nations, It had limited potential due to the refusal of the United States.  

• Goal: Maintain world peace  

• Flaws: 1. Had no power to enforce its decisions. 2. It relied on collective security (aggression against one state was aggression against all) as a tool for the preservation of global peace.  

• The United States never joined; many states left after finding flaws 

US Intervention impact the collapse of the Central Powers 

• The U.S declared its neutrality at first, preferrirng to focus on its own internal affairs, a policy known as isolationism.  

• Provided additional troops and crucial economic and logistical support  

• By aiding the Allied forces and pressuring German resources, American ensured that the Central powers could no longer sustain war, forcing them to surrender in November  

Middle Eastern Mandates after WWI 

The Rupublic of Turkey; under the rule of Mustafa Kamal (Ataturk)  

• Mandate system: A system developed when the former colonies ended up mandates under European control; an attempt to continue imperialism  

The defeated Ottoman Empire was divided among the Allied powers and placed under the mandate system that was established due to the League of Nations to help these regions develop their independence.  

• Positive Effects  

• Introduced these regions to modern industrialization  

• Helped shape the border of many Middle Eastern nations  

• Negative Effects  

• These mandates ignored many of these region's differences causing long- term issues  

• Almost a” secret colonialism”   

• Balfour Declaration – causes/effects, who benefitted, who didn’t; lasting effects 

Balfour Declaration (1917) - The British government publicly declared its support for “the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people.  

• Causes:  

• The Zionist Movement 

• The British hoping to gain Jewish support in the war 

• Some British politicians believed that encouraging Jewish migration to Palestine would reduce Jewish populations in Europe  

• Effects  

• Jewish migration into Palestine increased significantly, led to growing tensions in the Arab population  

• Britain assumed control of Palestine under the League of Nations mandate  

Beneficiaries of the Balfour-  

• Major victory to Zionists who wanted a Jewish homeland in Palestine  

• Provided the Jewish “Political legitimacy” from the British side  

• Britain gained strategic advantages and Jewish support in Europe and America  

                  Disadvantaged Groups-  

• Disregarded Palestinian Arabs despite their promise 

• Rising tensions between the Jewish immigrants and the Arab communities  

•  The weakening of the Ottoman influence allowed the British to take advantage         

Zionism- A Political and cultural movement that emerged in the late 19^th century, advocating for the establishment of a Jewish Homeland in Palestine.  

• The British government issued the Balfour Declaration issuing a “national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine.  

• Britain hoped this declaration would gain support from the Jewish community in the US, Russia, and Palestine 

• Hoping to take over the Ottoman Empire through the Jewish  

• Increased Jewish Migrations into Palestine raising Arab opposition as it was a betrayal to their past promise.                                                         

 Zionist Movement – The movement gained significant international recognition eventually creating Isreal in 1948. However this treaty of the Balfour has sparked the war between Isreal and Palestine today.  

 Political and Economic Developments Between the Wars 

Great Depression/global depression – causes, responses (New Deal, etc.)   (1929-1939) 

           Long-Term Causes 

• Connected world economies  

• Some countries (Germany) have huge war debts from WWI 

• The Europeans rely on US economy to boost their own economy (Dawes Plan) 

• Credit- borrowed money  

• Wealth is unequally distributed  

Immediate Causes  

• “Black Tuesday” the crash of U.S Stock  

• Banks demand their money  

• Unemployment rises, production crashes  

• Americans have high tariffs on imports  

• Americans stop their loans to foreign countries  

Immediate Effects  

• Millions become unemployed  

• Businesses go bankrupt  

• Governments take emergency measures 

• Nations turn toward authoritarian leaders (Hitler)  

Long- Term Effects 

• Nazis take Germany  

• Democracies try social welfare programs (New Deal in USA, French New Deal)  

• Japan extends into East Asia  

• WW II (1939)  

America’s Answer: The New Deal  

• FDR’s Plan for economic recovery  

• Increased government involvement in the economy  

• Legislation would prevent the banking system, provide jobs, give rights to workers, guarantee minimum wages, provide social security in old age.  

New Deal: (RRRs) 

• Relief (Immediate help for those suffering) 

• Recovery (Economic stabilization)  

• Reform (Prevent future economic disasters) 

Critics argued that the New Deal expanded government power too much 

Franklin D. Roosevelt- (1882-1945)- Took steps to reinflate the economy and ease the worst of the great depression. Known for his great actions of the America’s Answer: The New Deal 

Adolf Hitler (Germany) 

• Hitler enlisted in the German army in the beginning of WWI and was wounded in 1916 leaving him in the hospital when Germany surrendered.  

• Germany’s surrender affected him deeply and blamed Germany’s loss particularly due to the Jews and other internal “enemies” 

• After Hitler’s awakening, he was introduced to the Nazi party which shared the same views  

 Nazi Party rise to power-  

• Post- WWI Germany faced many hardships do to the Treaty of Versailles and the Great Depression economic hardships 

• Many German citizens blamed these hardships due to the German government and found leadership in the power HITLER  

• The Nazi Party continued to rise as Hitler grew and leveraged his position to have ultimate power.  

• Hitler eliminated political opposition and established a one-party Nazi dictatorship using the Gestapo. 

• (1934) Hitler declared himself fuhrer(leader) and established a totalitarian regime that led into the WWII  

Benito Mussolini (Italy) 

• Founded the Fascist Party promoting nationalism, militarism, and authoritarian rule  

• (1922) March on Rome – Mussolini and his followers (Blackshirts) staged the March on Rome, demanding power.  

• The king at the time appointed him as Prime Minister to avoid civil unrest  

• (1925) Declared himself II Duce (The Leader) and established a totalitarian dictatorship: controlling everything around him  

• Aimed to restore the glory of the Roman Empire  

                  - Later he would work with Adolf Hitler to form the Axis Powers during WW II  

Fascism- loyalty to the state and obedience to a powerful leader  

• Authoritarian and Nationalist ideology that rejects democracy, individual freedoms and communism (favoring a centralized control  

Characteristics: 

• Glorifies the nation above all else, often promoting superiority  

Key Leaders  

• Benito Mussolini- Italy (founded Fascism)  

• Adolf Hitler- Nazi Germany 

Vladimir Lenin (Soviet Union)  

• Political Party; Communist Party  

• Leader of the Bolshevik Party a radical socialist group that aimed to overthrow the Russian monarchy and established a communist state  

• (1917) Lenin played a key role in the October Revolution – The Bolsheviks seized power from the Provisional Government following the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II  

• Lenin issued the April Theses, which demanded peace, land for peasants, and power to the soviets.  

• Lenin pulled Russia from WWI by signing the Treaty of Brest- Litovsk (1918) this treaty gave a huge piece of western Russia to Germany.  

• During the Russian Civil War (1919-1921), Lenin’s Red army fought against the White army (anti- communist) 

• (1922), Lenin established the (USSR)  

Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union) 

• After Lenin’s death, Stalin dismissed rivals like Leo Trotsky and became the undisputed leader of the SU 

• Established a totalitarian dictatorship   

•  Five Year Plans: Transform the economy from an agricultural country to a leading industrial power  

• Rapidly industrialized the Soviet Union  

• Emphasized heavy industry, developments  

• Transformed the USSR into a major industrial power  

Holodomor: Death by hunger as a result of Stalin’s new economic aspirations  

• Forced peasants to collective farms (peasants off their own land and onto large collective farms run by the state) 

• Lunched the Great Purge to eliminate perceived enemies within the Communist party. Thousand were executed and sent to gulags (forced labor camps)  

Soviet Union – changes under Joseph Stalin (Five Year Plans, collectivization/collectivism, education, etc.) 

Kulaks 

New Economic Policy (NEP)- temporarily restored the market economy and some private enterprise in Russia.  

• Large industries and banks still under Russia however small business were returned to private ownerships 

• Education 

• Promoted communist ideology and loyalty to the Soviet regime  

• Taught Marxist- Leninist principles  

• Improved overall education  

• Kulaks Under Stalin  

• Kulaks: Wealthy peasant in the USSR who owned larger farms and often hired laborers (Stalin viewed them as a threat) 

• Dekulakization was a brutal campaign to eliminate the Kulaks  

• Millions of Kulaks were killed for their land 

Rise of Nationalism in China and Japan (important people, groups, events) 

• China  

- Joined the Allies in 1917, hoping to regain territories controlled by foreign powers  

• Treaty of Versailles (1919) despite joining the Allies the territories in Shandong Province were handed to Japan (This angered the nationalist)  

May Fourth Movement (1919) 

• Sparked by the Treaty of Versailles  

• Many students protested  

• The movement boosted support for the Guomintang and the newly emerging Chinese Communist Party (CCP)  

• Sun Yat- Sen 

• Founder of the Chinese Nationalist Party (Guomintang) 

• Advocated for the Three Principles of the People: Nationalism, Democracy, and Livelihood 

• Helped to bring the Qing government to end  

•   Kai-shek  

• Successor to Yat-Sen as a leader  

• Led the Northern Expedition to unify China  

• Mao Zedong  

• Leader of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) 

• Promoted a communist revolution with strong nationalist ideals     

• Japan  

• Joined the Allied Powers and seized German- controlled territories in China’s Shandong Province and the Pacific.  

• Used the war as an opportunity to expand its influence in Asia  

  Twenty- One Demands (1915)- Japan presented these demands to China, seeking economic control and political influence.  

• Japan’s economy prospered during WWI as it supplied arms, goods, and resources to the Allies  

• Hirohito  

• Ultranationalist 

• Invaded Manchuria, assassinated several politicians and business leaders 

• Mukden Incident- Japanese soldiers planted explosives near a railway and falsely blamed Chinese troops fro the sabotage.  

          The incident marked the beginning of Japanese aggression in East Asia  

Post-WWI Independence Movements and related issues 

Reasons for the rise in independence movements after WWI 

1. Disappointment with the Treaty of Versailles  

2. Woodrow Wilson’s call for self- determination inspired nationalist movements worldwide 

3. Post- war economic instability hit colonial territories hard 

4. Influential figured emerged to lead independence movements  

5. The weakening of European powers, limiting their ability to suppress uprisings 

6. The spread of communism, socialism, and anti-imperialist ideas  

7. Growth of mass movements  

India 

   - Indian Independence Movements – methods used  

- Mohandas Gandhi  

Satyagraha (Truth Force); Gandhi’s philosophy of nonviolent resistance emphasized peaceful protest and civil disobedience 

• Encouraged Boycotts like the Swadeshi movement which promoted locally- made products 

• Peaceful Protests: Organized non- violent protests 

• Civil Disobedience: Indians break unjust British laws  

Salt March (1930): Gandhi led a 240- mile march to the Arabian Sea to protest the British salt monopoly  

   - Indian National Congress (INC)- Political Advocacy and Mass Mobilization  

Formed in 1885 ad a political group, later evolved into a major force for independence  

• Petitions and Negotiations 

• Civil Disobedience Campaigns: Under Gandhi’s leadership, the Non- Cooperation Movement and the Quit India Movement  

   - Muhammad Ali Jinnah/Muslim League- Advocacy for Muslim Interests 

The Muslim league, initially supported British rule but later demanded a separate Muslim state  

• Political Dialogue  

• Direct Acton Campaign (1946) Marked a shift to stronger tactics demanding a separate Muslim homeland 

• Demand for Pakistan  

Africa & African Nationalism 

   - Pan-Africanism 

Was a movement that promoted unity among Africans world, emphasizing shared cultural identity and resistance to colonialism  

 Key Leaders: 

• W. E. B. Du Boid: An African American intellectual who promoted Pan- African  

• Marcus Garvey: Encouraged black pride, economic independence, and the return of Africa descendants  

Key Events: 

• Pan-African Congresses: (1919), these conferences united African leaders 

• Advocated for decolonization, racial equality, and cultural pride  

   - Steps taken towards South African Independence 

• Union of South Africa (1910): Formed as a British dominion, giving political control to the white minority  

• African National Congress (ANC) Formation (1912): The ANC emerged as a leading organization fighting for black South African’s rights 

Latin America 

  - Neo-colonialism –  

what is it: indirect control exerted by powerful nations over weaker countries, through economic pressure, political influence, or cultural influence rather than military control.  

 what are some examples: 

• United Fruit Company (U.S) in Central America: Dominated land, infrastructure and local politics, maintain influence over economic and political decisions.  

  - Importance of Mexican muralists & examples 

• Muralists promoted national identity, indigenous culture, and social justice  

• Their murals often showcased the struggles of common people and colonial oppression, and revolutionary ideals  

Key Figures and Examples: 

• Diego Rivera: Known for murals blending indigenous themes with Marxist ideals  

  - Economic imperialism- When powerful nations exert control over weaker economies through trade, investment, and resource exploitation rather than direct conquest.  

Examples:  

• U.S Control in Cuba: American businesses dominated Cuba’s sugar industry, limiting Cuban economic freedom  

  - “Banana Republics” 

Definition: Politically unstable countries like Central America that were heavily influenced by foreign corporations, especially in the banana industry.   

• Honduras, Guatemala, and Costa Rica were dominated by the US which controlled much of the infrastructure and sometime even political leaders  

• These nations economically dependent on banana exports, effecting their economy  

Unit Vocab  

• Dreadnought – British battleships whose armaments were very powerful 

• Central Powers- Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire  

• Allies- Triple Entente: British, France, Russia  

• Schlieffen Plan- Plan to attack France, followed by defensive action against Russia  

• No-Man- Land- Land in between the front filled with shell craters and body parts, very deadly 

• Armenian Genocide- Campaign by the Ottomans against two million Armenians living in the Ottoman Empire during World War I  

• Gestapo- Secret police and SS enforced Nazi control  

• Antisemitism- Term associated with the prejudice against Jews and the political, social, and economic actions taken against them.  

• Weimar Republic; German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire’s monarchy.  

• Schlieffen Plan: was a call for a swift attack on France through Belgium, an officially neutral country that had a growing relationship with Britain.  

• Zimmermann Telegram: This telegram was a secret message sent between German diplomats suggesting that Mexico 

• Munich Conference of 1938: included Hitler, Mussolini, and Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain of England, Hitler was given the Sudetenland, without the consent of Czechoslovakia, in return for the promise to cease his expansionist activist.  

• Sudetenland: The western portion of Czechoslovakia  

• Appeasement: British and French policy that tried to maintain peace in Europe in the face of German aggression by making concessions.  

• German – Soviet Pact: By terms of the pact, the two nations agree not to attack each other, and they promised neutrality if into German and Soviet spheres of influence.  

• Anti – Comintern Pact: After withdrawing from the League of Nations Japan signed with Germany and thereby forming the beginnings of an alliance that would eventually lead to a more formal one during the WWII