ansc 2202 full exam

neuron

cells that are the functional units of nervous systemn; recieve, transmit, and store information; elongated; consist of a cell body and processes

cell body

control center of the neuron; does not regenerate

axon

long process of the neuron that carries information to other neutons or tissue; can regenerate

dendrites

short, branched processes of a neuron; recieve information and send it to cell body

myelin sheath

covers axon; speeds up the impulse and is made of schwann cells

synapse

synaptic knob; end of the neuron that contracts other neurons or tissues; releases neurotransmitters

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nervous system

highly organized control center allowing the body to react appropriately to changes in its internal and external enviornment

nerve

a whiteish fiber or bundle of fibers that transmits impulses of sensation to the brain or spinal cord, and impulses from these to the muscles and organs

central nervous system

brain, spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

all other nerves to the peripheral tissues (cranial, spinal, and sciatic nerves)

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sensory neurons

afferent neurons; impulses from periphery to CNS, detect pain, touch, itche, temperature, and streching of muscles

motor neurons

efferent neuron; impulses from CNS to periphery (muscles, glands)

interneuron

short neurons that enable communication between sensory neurons, CNS, and motor neurons (function in reflexs, learning, making decisions)

brain

complex organ that is the center of the CNS; made up of the cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum

cerebrum

main part of the brain (memory, senses, learning)

frontal lobe of the brain

motor function

occipital lobe of the brain

vision function

temporal lobe of the brain

hearing centers

parietal lobe of the brain

temperature, pressure, touch, pain sensations

thalamus

round mass in the brain stem; relays senstation, spatial sense, and motor signals to cerebrum; regulates conciousness, sleep, and alertness

pineal gland in the brain stem

secretes melatonin (circadian and seasonal rhythms); small in dogs, prominent in larger species

ventricles in the brain

filled with cerebrospinal fluid, provides nutrients and removes waste

hypothalamus in the brain

produces hormones (gonadotropin releasing hormone); includes optic chasm and pituitary gland

optic chiasm

where optic nerve (CN II) criscrosses

pituitary gland in the brain

stores and produces hormones for growth, maturation, and repro

pons in the brain stem

relays messages between cerebrum and cerebellum, involved in sleep and dreaming

medulla oblongata

brain stem; controls heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, and swallowing

cerebellum

arbor vitate (tree of life) controls balance and coordination

cranial nerves

12 pairs going to/from the brain stem; names mostly indicate functions

CN I: olfactory

smell

CN II optic

vision

CN III oculomotor

eye movements, pupil size

CN IV trochlear

one muscle of eyeball

CN V trigeminal

ophthalmic branch (sensory to forehead, lateral eye, nasal cavit, and cornea); maxillary branch (sesnroy to lower eyelid, nasal mucosa, upper teeth and lip); mandibular branch (motor to muscles of chewing, sensory to cheek, jaw, and tounge)

CN VI abducent

motor to eyeball

CN VII facial

motor for facial expression, sensory to rostral 2/3 of tongue, sense of taste, lacrimal gland and salivary glands

CN VIII vestibulocochlear

sound and equilibrium

CN IX glossopharyngeal

tounge, pharynx, swallowing, caudal 1/3 of tounge

CN X vagus

palate, pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus, thoracic/abdominal organs

CN XI acessory

larynx, esophagus, swallowing, vocalization

CN XII hypoglossal

muscles of tounge

meninges

3 layers covering brain and spinal cord; made of dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater

dura mater

thickest, most external, fused with periosteum of skill; epidural space is the gap between dura and periosteum

arachnoid

delicate later of meninges attached to dura mater

pia mater

innermost layer of meninges, adheres to brain/spinal cord; subarachnoiud space is between arachnoid and pisa, cerebrospina fluid circulates for protection

limbus

sclera

cornea

lens

tapetum lucidum

iris

pupil

retina

optic disc

optic nerve

anterior chamber

chamber between then cornea and the iris

posterior chamber

chamber between the iris and the rest of the eye

vitreous chamber

big space in the eye

vitreous humor

jellylike substance behind the lens of the eye that maintains its shape

lateral and medial canthus

where eyelids meet in the coners of our eyes

cilia

eyelashes

conjunctiva

pink mucous membrane lining eyelids

appendicular

refers to the limbs (appendage)

antebrachium

forearm (scapular, humerus, radius, ulna)

manus

distal portion (hand-carpus, metacarpus (between carpus and digits), digits (phalanges and sesamoid bones)

equine metacarpus

metacarpal bones II-IV (medial to lateral), mc 1 is missing, mc II and IV are splint bones, mc III cannon bone

splints

inflammation of the horse's interosseous ligament between the splint bones and cannon bone

periosteitis

imflamattion of the periosteum. common in young, large breed dogs/young work horses and refered to as "bucked shins"

ruminant metacarpus

mc III and IV are fused together to form the cannon bone, mc I and II is missing, mc V is a small metacarpal bone

carnivores metacarpus

mc I is the dewclaw (small, non-weight bearing), mc II-V are all present

digits

correspond to fingers and toes in humans and are variable in number depending on species (proximal phalanx, middle phalanx, distal phlanx, sesamoids)

proximal phalanx

(P1) long pastern bone

middle phalanx

(P2) short pastern bone

distal phalanx

(P3) coffin bone

ruminant digits

two weight bearing toe bones (3rd and 4th digits), two non weight bearing digits (2nd and 5th digits (dewclaws on the palmar surface of the fetlock joint), no 1st digit

sesamoid bones in ruminants

two proximal sesamoids (four per foot) at the fetlock joint and one distal sesamoid (two per foot) at the coffin joint

carnivore digits

four weight bearing digits (II-V) and one non weight bearing declaw (I)

ungual process

a curved, cone-like extension of the distal phalanx that is covered by the horny claw

horny claw

A curved, fingernail-like projection covering and protecting the ungual process (toenail)

carnivore sesamoid bones

two sesamoid bones on the palmar/plantar

pes

the hindpaw or distal protion of the pelvic limb (foot); made up of tarsus, metatarsus, and digits

proximal portion of the pelvic limb

os coxae, femur, patella, tibita, fibula

metatarsal III

cannon bone

metatarsal II and IV

splint bones

metatarsals in ruminants

mt III and IV are the cannon bone (fused together), mt I is missing, mt II is super small

metatarsals in carnivores

mt I is small dewclaw and often absent, mt II-V are all present

arthrology

study of joints

articulation

two or more bones are united or joined to create a joint

simple joints

two bones that articulate with one another (vertebrae, shoulder)

compound joints

more than two bones articulating with one another (carpus, tarsus, fetlock)

fibrous joint

often temporary joint with little or no movement and is often found in young animals (skull)

cartilaginous joint

united by fibrocartilage of hyaline cartilage, has limited movement such as compression or streching (vertebrae), cartilage can be replaced with bone as animals grow in the metaphysis of long bones

synovial joint

"true joint" that is encapuslaed by articular capsule and filled with synovial fluid (made by a synovial membrane); high motion (limbs) and cartilage covers the bone ends

scapulohumeral (shoulder) joint

scapula and humerus

cubital (elbow) joint

humerus, radius, and ulna

carpus (carpal) joint

between the radius/ulna and metacarpals

metacarpophalangeal (fetlock) joint

metacarpal, proximal phalanx, and proximal sesamoid bones

proximal interphalangeal (pastern) joint

proximal and middle phalanx

distal interphalangeal (coffin) joint

middle and distal phlanx

ringbone (arthritis)

periosteal bone deposition in the distal limb (high is at the pastern joint, low is at the coffin joint)

onychectomy

declawing, removal of the distal phalanx by disarticulating the distal interphalangeal joint

sacroiliac joint

sacrum and ilium

coxofemoral (hip) joint

acetabulum and femur

stifle joint

femur, patella, tibia, and fibula

tarsus (tarsal) joint or hock joint

between tibia and metatarsal bones

metatarsophalangeal (fetlock) joint

metatarsals, 1st phalanx, and promimal sesamoid bones

hyp dysplasia

the abnormal development of the coxofemoral joint in large breed dogs resulting in progressive degenerative disease

tendons

store energy, support weight on skinny legs, allows animals to sleep standing

wall

visible outer portion of the hoof

bulbs of the beels

soft expanded part on the caudal aspect of the hoof

coronet or coronary band

where hair meets the hoof; the hoof grows downward from here

sole

concave portion of the hoof visible on the ground surface

white line

junction between wall and sole (insensitive, where nails go in horse shoes)

frog

v-shaped structure that allows expansion of the foot at the heel (only in horses) helps with shock absorption

digital cushion

wedge-shaped mass of fibrous and fatty tissue located inside the hoot and functions to absorbs concussive forces

laminae

Connects the hoof wall to the distal phalanx (coffin bone)

laminitis

degeneratiuon or failure of the attachments between p3 and the inner hoof wall, may result in rotation of the coffin bone

axial skeleton

the bones, cartilages of the skill, hyoid apparatus, vertebral column, ribs and sternum

cranium

the entire skull

skull

the bones of the head and face

occipital bone

the caudal aspect of the skull that formans a sphere, the foramen magnum, around the entrance of the spinal cord

formane magnum

the hole in the back of the skull where the spinal column attaches

parietal bone

the dorsolateral aspect on both sides of the skull (towards the back)

frontal bone

the rostral or cranial aspect of the skull (towards the nose on the top)

temporal bone

the ventrolateral aspect of the skull (towards the belly on the side)

facial bones

paired bones on the dorsal surface of the skill that enclose the oral and nasal cavities

incisive bone

rostral most bone that houses the upper incisors

nasal bone

aligned on the midline with the frontal bone caudal and the maxilla and incisive bone lateral

maxilla

lateral bone that houses the upper cheek teeth and along with the incisive bone forms the upper jaw

palatine bone

bone that forms the part of the hard palate (roof of mouth)

mandible

lower jaw; consists of left and right haves that are joined at the madibular symphysis which houses all of the lower teeth and articlates with the temporal bone

lumpy jaw

cattle infection in the mandible caused by bacteria resulting in abcesses and bony proliferation, treatable by antibiotics

hyoid apparatus

consists of the bones that stabalize the tounge and larynx

vertebral column

backbone or spinal column; protective housing for the spinal cord that consists of irregular bones arranged in five groups and joined by intervertebral disks

vertebrae

a series of irregularly-shaped bones seperated by intervertebral discs that houses and protects the spinal cord; maintains body posture and movement

five groups of vertebrae

cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), lumbar (lower back), sacral (pelvis), and caudal (tail)

body

thick, bony cylindrical-shaped part of the vertebrae that is ventral

vertebral arch

the dorsal part of a vertebra that together with the body forms a short tube

vertebral foramen

the short tube that is formed by the body and vertebral arch that houses and protects the spinal cord

vertebral canal

formed by all of he vertebral foramina to house and protext the spinal cord

spinous process

the dorsal extension of the vertebral arch

processes of the vertebral arch

extensions that provide sites for muscle attachment

transverse processes

project laterally from the juncture of the vertebral arch and body; divides the epaxial muscles (back muscles) into dorsal and ventral groups

cervical vertebrae

most mammals have 7 extending from the base of the skull to the thorax and are characterized by a tranverse foramen

atlas

C1; the first cervical vertebra that articulates with the skull cranially and is atypical in appearance and function from its counterparts (nodding up and down)

axis

C2; the second certicle vertebra has an elongated, ridgelike spinous process and a cranial projection called a dens (rotates head)

equine wobblers syndrome

stenosis or narrowing of the cervial vertebral canal resulting in compression of the spinal cord and ataxia (incoordination)

what is always attached to a thoracic vertebrae

a rib

thoracic vertebrae

variable number depending on species, extending from the first to last rib with short bodies, prominent spinous processes, and articulate with the ribs

nuchal ligament

provides elastic non-muscular support of the head and neck, starts at the thoracic vertebra and ends at the top of the neck (cats do not have one)

lumbar vertebrae

the vertebrae of the loin region extending from just behind the last rub to the sacrum; longer bodied and have long plate-like transverse processes

sacrum

result of the fusion of the bodies of 3-5 vertebrae that is located just caudal to the loin and articulates with the pelvic girdle

wings of the sacrum

lateral enlargement that articulates with the ileum and forms the sacroiliac joint

caudal (coccygeal) vertebrae

the vertebrae of the tail in which the number is highly variable among species

ribs and sternum

provide protection for the thoracic organs

ribs

long, curved flat bones made of bony (dorsal) and catilaginous (ventral) parts that meet at a costochondral junction, pairs form the throacic skeleton and majority articulate with the sternum and last sets join to form the costal arch, the last rib is a floating rib and does not articulate

costal cartilage

the cartilaginous portion of the rib

costochondral junction

the point where the rib cartilage meets the rib bone

sternum

series of unpaired bones (sternabrae) that constitute the floor of the thorax

manubrium

the longer first sternabra; cartilaginous in young animals

xiphoid process

the widder, thinner last sternabra

appendicular skeleton

the bones of the thoracic and pelvic girdle, and the forelimbs and hindlimbs

thoracic girdle

scapulas which attach the thoracic limb to the axial skeleton; in animals the clavical has no purpose and is vestigial

thoracic limb

forelimb; the scapula, humerus, radis, ulna, carpal bones, metacarpal bones, phalanges, and their sesamoid bones

pelvic girdle

the pelvic bones that protect the internal pelvic organs; they attach the pelvic limb to the axial skeleton

pelvic limb

hindlimb; the os coxae, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, phalanges, and their sesamoid bones

os coxae

hip bone; composed of the fused ilium, ischium, pubis, and acetabular bones

ilium

a flat bone that is the largest and most cranial part of the os coxae; divided into the wing (wide cranial part that articulates with the sacrum) and body (narrow, caudal part)

tuber coxae

the prominent lateral extension of the wing of the ilium; referred to as the "hooks" in cattle

tuber sacrale

the more medial extension of the wing in the ilium that lies next to the sacrum

ischium

the caudal part of the os coxae that forms the acetabulum, obturator foramen, and pelvic symphysis

ischiatic tuberosity

the thick, caudolateral part of the ischium that provides attachment for the caudal thigh muscles; referred to as "pins" in cattle

pubis

the cranioventral part of the os coxae that extends from the ilium and ischium laterally to the pelvic symphysis medially

acetabulum

hip socket; a concave cavity that recieves the femoral head; formed by the fusion of the pubis, ischium, and ilium during development

obturator foramen

large window in the floor of the os coxae where the obturator nerve exits

pelvic symphysis

union of the right and left ox coxae, cranial half is formed by pubis and caudal half by the ischium

mastication

chewing

eruption

baby teeth coming in

hypsodont

teeth that continue erupting throughout life; long body of the tooth is embedded in the jaws with no distinct neck (horse teeth, ruminant cheek teeth, pig tusks)

brachydont

short-crowned teeth that consist of a crown, beck, and root and stop erupting when they reach the level of the adjacent teeth (humans, carnivores, pigs, equine and ruminant incisors)

deciduous teeth

baby teeth; wider and fewer in number than permanent teeth

permanent teeth

teeth that replace the deciduous teeth and should last through life

cementum

hard dental tissue that covers the roots and reserve crown, and fills the infundibulum of the upper cheek and incisors

enamel

hardest substance in the body which covers the crown in brachydont teeth and the crown and body in hypsodont teeth

dentin

forms the bulk to the toth structure extendinb the full lenth of the mature tooth and surrounding the pulp cavity

pulp cavity

the central portion of the tooth that is occupied by dental pulp which functions to provide nutrients, aids in development and repair, and provides sensory input

dental arcade

the arrangement of teeth into right and left, and upper and lower arches

incisors

teeth embedded in the rostral most part of each jaw for tearing grass/meat, housed in incisive bone (ruminants have no upper incisors)

dental pad

replaces the upper incisors in ruminant animals

canine

large, curved, and laterally compressed tooth located between incisors and cheek teeth; capable of inflicting deep puncture wounds

cheek teeth

grinding teeth; includes molars and premolars

premolars

the rostral 3 cheek teeth

molars

the caudal three cheek teeth

equine in wear

a tooth that has erupted to the masticatory level, all in wear at 5 years

equine wolf teeth

upper 1st premolar that is usually absent

carnassial teeth

the large upper 4th premolar and the lower 1st molar of the dog and cat the function in shearing meat

dental pad

upper area of the absent teeth in ruminants that replaces the upper incisors, tough by yielding cushion against the lower incisors grinding food

broken mouth

missing or worn down incisors resulting in reduced grazing efficiency

tusks

pig's canine teeth; lower are larger than upper and boars are larger than sows

needle teeth

the deciduous 3rd incisors and canines that are sharp at birth and usually trimmed to prevent damage to the sows udder

fighting teeth

2 upper canines and 1 lower canines in llamas and alpacas

short bone

small, cuboidal shaped bones that are usually grouped together at the carpus and tarsus

flat bone

bones expanded in two directions, such as those found in the pelvic girdle, scapula, and skull

irregular bone

characteristic features include complex, jutting processes and include the vertebral column and the non-flat bones of the skull and pelvis

sesamoid bone

a small, round bone that resembles a sesame seed and are present near freely moving joints, such as the patella and the proximal and distal sesamoid bones

long bones

bones that are characteristic of the limbs

epiphysis

the two expanded ends of a long bone

diaphysis

the shaft or body of a long bone

metaphysis

the junction between the diaphysis and the epiphysis that rapidly grows and the portion of the epiphyseal cartilage that is replaced by bone

epiphyseal cartilage

growth plate; area of growing cartilae in a developing long bone that is located between the diaphysis and epiphysis

periosteum

the tough, fibrous membrane covering the non-articular surfaces of all bones, which serves as an attachment for ligaments and tendons

articular surface

a surface covered in a smooth layer of cartilage over the epiphysis in which one bone forms a joint with another bone, providing a range of motion

articular

the surface or area of a bone thats related to a joint

compact bone

the thick, solid part of the bone

canellous bone

a spongy latticework occupying the medullary cavity filled with bone marrow

sources of cancellous bone

tibial tuberosity, greater tubercle of the humerus, greater trochanter of the femur, wing of the ileum

medullary cavity

marrow-filled space within the diaphysis

endosteum

a layer of bone that lines the medullary cavity which is similar in structure to the periosteum but is thinner

apophysis

a bony process of a bone

cortex

compact bone surrounding the medullary cavity

trochleas and condyles

large articular prominence

trochanter

a large process on the proximal end of the femur involved in muscle attachment

tuberosity

a large, but rough protuberance

tubercle

a small, rounded eminence or outgrowth found on a bone, especially for the attachment of a muscle or ligament

epicondyle

enlarged prominences that lie proximal to the condyles

facets

small articular surfaces that may be concave, flax, or convex

foramen

a window or hole into a bone

fossa

a shallow depression or cavity

spine

a rigid, sharp surface

notch

an indentation at the edge of a bone

anatomy

the study of the form, nature, and structures of the tissues and organs of the body and the relationships between them

gross anatomy

the study of structures that can be dissected and visualized with the unaided eye

topographical anatomy

the relationship of one part of the anatomy to other parts

planes of the body

a real or imaginary surface formed by any two points that can be joined by a straight line

median plane

a single plane that divides the head, body, or limb longitudinally into equal left and right havles (sometimes called mid-sagittal planea)

sagittal plane

a plane passing through the head, body, or limb parallel to the median plane, dividing it into unequal parts

transverse planes

a plane that cuts across the head, body, or limb at a right angle to the median plane, thus dividng it into cranial and caudal segments, or passes through the long axis of an organ or part (this is also called a cross-section)

cranial

towards or near the head. In reference to a structure on the head, the term is replaced with rostral

rostral

towards or near the nose and applies only to structures on the head

caudal

towards or near the tail

frontal plane

a plane that runs at right angles to both the medial and transverse planes dividing the body or head into dorsal and ventral segments (sometimes called the dorsal plane)

dorsal

towards or near the back or corresponding surface of the head, neck, and tail. On the limbs, it applies to the front surface of both front and rear limbs

ventral

towards or near the belly or corresponding surface of the head, nech, thorax, and tail. This term is not used for the limbs

palmer

the area of the forelimb distal to the carpus referring to the back surface of the limb, including the surface that contacts the ground in the standing animal

plantar

the area of the hindlimb distal to the tarsus referring to the back surface of the limb, includng the surface that contacts the ground in the standing animal

medial

towards or near the median plane

lateral

away or farther from the median plane

proximal

closer to or relatively near the body or origin

distal

away or farther from the body or origin

axial

towards the center of the limb

abaxial

away from the center of the limb

superficial

near or relatively near the surface of the body or the surface of a solid organ and further away from the center of the body

deep

relatively near the center of the body or the center of a solid organ and further away from the body surface

flexion

a folding movement that decreases the angle between two bones, thus moving the bones closer together

extension

a movement that increases the angle between two bones, thus moving the bones further apart. It restores the body part to its anatomical position after flexion

abduction

to move a limb or part away from the median plane

adduction

to move a limb or part toward the median plane ("adds" to the body)

internal

closer to a body cavity or the center of an organ

external

farther away from a body cavity of the center of an organ

rotation

the movement of a limb or part along its long axis

supination

the movement of the limb so the palmar/plantar surface is rotated medially or dorsally

pronation

the medial movement of the palmar/plantar side of the paw so that it faces ventrally

hypo-

prefix meaning below, underneath, or lower than normal

hyper-

prefix meaning above or higher than normal

sub-

prefix meaning below or under

ad-

prefix meaning above

intra-

prefix meaning within

endo-

prefix meaning inner or inside

ecto-

prefix meaning outer or outside

meso-

prefix meaning middle

poly-

prefix meaning many or too many

-itis

suffix meaning inflammation

-philic

suffix meaning loving or liking

-phobic

suffix meaning hating or fearing

-ectomy

suffix meaning to cut out

-otomy

suffix meaning to cut into

-osis

suffix that means condition (usually a diseased condition)