Flashcard Set: MICR290 - Chapter 24 (Urinary & Reproductive System Infections)

Q: What are the functions of the urinary system?
A: Removes waste from blood, forms urine, stores it in the bladder, and excretes it via the urethra.

Q: What is the functional unit of the kidney?
A: Nephron.

Q: How do microorganisms enter the female and male reproductive tracts?
A: Female: through the vagina; Male: through the urethra or penis skin.

Q: What parts of the urinary system are normally sterile?
A: Everything except the urethra.

Q: What microbiota are commonly found in the urethra?
A: Lactobacillus and Staphylococcus.

Q: What causes most bacterial urinary tract infections (UTIs)?
A: Escherichia coli (E. coli).

Q: What are common symptoms of UTIs?
A: Frequent, urgent, painful urination; cloudy or foul-smelling urine.

Q: How are UTIs diagnosed and treated?
A: Diagnosed with urinalysis; treated with antimicrobials if needed.

Q: What causes Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome?
A: Certain toxin-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus.

Q: What are symptoms of toxic shock syndrome?
A: Sudden fever, vomiting, rash, low BP, confusion, potentially shock.

Q: How is toxic shock syndrome treated?
A: Remove foreign object, give antimicrobials; it's a medical emergency.

Q: What causes bacterial vaginosis?
A: Various anaerobic bacteria.

Q: What are symptoms of bacterial vaginosis?
A: White vaginal discharge with fishy odor.

Q: What increases the risk for bacterial vaginosis?
A: Vaginal douching and multiple sexual partners.

Q: What causes vaginal yeast infections?
A: Candida albicans.

Q: What are symptoms of yeast infections?
A: Itching, burning, and thick white discharge.

Q: What increases risk of yeast infections?
A: Antibiotics, hormone changes, and pH imbalance.

Q: What causes gonorrhea?
A: Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Q: What are gonorrhea symptoms?
A: Men: painful urination and pus discharge; Women: often asymptomatic, may develop pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).

Q: How is gonorrhea diagnosed and treated?
A: Diagnosed with genetic probe; treated with cephalosporins.

Q: What is ophthalmia neonatorum?
A: Eye infection in newborns from gonorrhea; prevented with erythromycin ointment.

Q: What causes syphilis?
A: Treponema pallidum.

Q: What are the stages of syphilis?
A: 1) Chancre lesion, 2) Rash, 3) Latent, 4) Tertiary (neurological).

Q: How is syphilis diagnosed and treated?
A: Antibody tests; treated with Penicillin G (except tertiary stage).

Q: What causes chlamydia?
A: Chlamydia trachomatis.

Q: What are the two developmental forms of chlamydia?
A: Elementary bodies (infectious), Reticulate bodies (reproductive).

Q: What are symptoms of chlamydia?
A: Women: often asymptomatic; Men: painful urination and pus.

Q: What is lymphogranuloma venereum?
A: Severe chlamydia form causing lesions and swollen lymph nodes.

Q: What causes genital herpes?
A: Human herpesvirus 2 (HSV-2).

Q: What are symptoms of genital herpes?
A: Painful blisters near genitals or rectum.

Q: How is genital herpes treated?
A: Acyclovir and other antivirals reduce symptoms, but not curative.

Q: What causes genital warts?
A: Human papillomavirus (HPV).

Q: What are condylomata acuminata?
A: Large genital warts.

Q: What is the risk of HPV in women?
A: Cervical cancer; detected by Pap smear.

Q: Is there a vaccine for HPV?
A: Yes, it prevents cervical cancer strains.

Q: What is HIV?
A: A virus that targets CD4+ T cells and weakens the immune system.

Q: What are the main targets of HIV in the body?
A: CD4+ T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells.

Q: What is the main difference between HIV-1 and HIV-2?
A: HIV-1 is more common in the Americas and Europe; HIV-2 in West Africa.

Q: What are the six stages of HIV disease progression?
A: Stage 1: Early infection
Stage 2: Asymptomatic
Stage 3: Immune impairment
Stage 4–5: Opportunistic infections
Stage 6: AIDS (severe immunodeficiency)

Q: What are common opportunistic infections in AIDS?
A: Candidiasis, tuberculosis, PCP, herpes, CMV, Kaposi's sarcoma.

Q: Is there a cure or vaccine for HIV?
A: No cure or vaccine yet; prevention includes safe sex, clean needles, and circumcision (in men).

Q: What causes trichomoniasis?
A: Trichomonas vaginalis (a protozoan).

Q: What are symptoms of trichomoniasis?
A: Women: vaginal discharge and irritation; Men: usually asymptomatic.

Q: How is trichomoniasis treated?
A: Single oral dose of metronidazole.

Q: What is the most common curable STD in women?
A: Trichomoniasis.