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Chapter 39 Key Terms

Election of 1992 → Bill Clinton (Democrat) won, Albert Gore Jr. was his running mate, Democrats gained control of both the House and Senate, Republicans re-nominated George H.W. Bush and J. Danforth Quayle, Ross Perot ran as a third-party candidate and won over 19 million votes but no electoral votes

Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell → Clinton's compromise policy regarding homosexuals in the military, unofficially accepted gays and lesbians while preventing open acknowledgment of their sexuality

Hillary Clinton’s Health Care Reform → Proposed by Hillary Rodham Clinton in 1993, aimed to revamp the nation's health and medical care system, criticized as cumbersome, confusing, and ineffective, damaged Hillary Clinton’s political reputation

1993 World Trade Center Bombing → Bombing by a radical Muslim group, took place in New York City, killed six people

Waco Siege → Standoff between the government and the Branch Davidian cult, occurred in Waco, Texas, ended in a fire, 82 people died

Oklahoma City Bombing → Bombing of a federal building, carried out by Timothy McVeigh in 1995, killed 169 people

Contract with America → Led by Newt Gingrich in 1994, attacked Clinton's liberal failures, promoted conservative policies, helped Republicans gain seats in Congress

Welfare Reform Bill → Passed by a conservative Congress, cut welfare programs

Government Shutdown of 1995 → Resulted from Congress and Clinton failing to agree on a budget

Election of 1996 → Clinton re-elected, defeated Republican Bob Dole, Ross Perot ran again and finished third

Affirmative Action Ruling → Struck down in a California court case, affected policies promoting racial diversity

1992 Los Angeles Riots → Occurred after white police officers were acquitted in the beating of a black suspect, led to widespread violence and destruction

Economic Boom of the Late 1990s → Driven by Federal Reserve Board's low interest rates, growth of Internet business

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) → Passed in 1993, created a free-trade zone between Mexico, Canada, and the United States, eliminated tariffs

World Trade Organization (WTO) → Created in 1994, promoted international trade, supported by Clinton

Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 → Passed by Congress, provided job protection for men and women who took leave for family-related reasons

Somalia Intervention → U.S. sent troops, Clinton later withdrew them

U.S.-China Relations Under Clinton → Initially criticized China for human rights abuses, later supported China due to trade importance

U.S. Involvement in Yugoslavia → Clinton committed American troops to NATO, aimed to maintain peace in the former Yugoslavia

1993 Israel-Palestine Peace Meeting → Led by Clinton, involved Israel’s Yitzhak Rabin and Palestinian leader Yasir Arafat, attempted reconciliation, ended after Rabin’s assassination

Lewinsky Affair → Clinton had an affair with White House intern Monica Lewinsky, lied under oath about it, led to impeachment charges

Clinton’s Impeachment → House Republicans passed two articles of impeachment (perjury, obstruction of justice), Senate did not obtain the required 2/3 majority to remove him from office

Election of 2000 → Al Gore (Democrat) vs. George W. Bush (Republican), Florida’s electoral votes were decisive, ballots were disputed, Supreme Court ruled in favor of Bush, Bush won electoral vote but lost the popular vote

E Pluribus Plures → Concept that Americans were increasingly embracing ethnic and racial diversity, barriers breaking down, interracial populations increasing

Cultural Growth at Century’s End → Increase in college degrees, rising interest in liberal arts, growth in literature, art, film, and architecture

National Endowment for the Arts (1965) → Government program supporting the arts, contributed to New York becoming the art capital of the world

Chapter 39 Key People

Bill Clinton → Elected as the first baby-boomer president in 1992, ran on economic growth, strong defense, and anticrime policies, appointed women and minorities in government, implemented “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” policy, reduced the federal deficit, involved in NAFTA, supported WTO, sent troops to Somalia and NATO peacekeeping in Yugoslavia, led Israel-Palestine peace efforts, impeached due to the Lewinsky affair but not removed from office

Albert Gore Jr. → Clinton’s running mate and vice president, Democratic nominee for president in the 2000 election, lost to George W. Bush despite winning the popular vote

George H.W. Bush → Republican president before Clinton, ran for re-election in 1992, lost to Clinton

J. Danforth Quayle → George H.W. Bush’s running mate in the 1992 election

Ross Perot → Third-party candidate in the 1992 and 1996 elections, won over 19 million votes in 1992 but no electoral votes

Janet Reno → First female attorney general, appointed by Clinton

Donna Shalala → Secretary of Health and Human Services under Clinton

Ruth Bader Ginsburg → Appointed to the Supreme Court by Clinton

Hillary Rodham Clinton → First Lady, led an effort to reform health care, her plan was heavily criticized, seen as a political liability

Newt Gingrich → Led Republican opposition to Clinton, promoted “Contract with America,” became Speaker of the House in 1994

Timothy McVeigh → Carried out the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995, killed 169 people

Bob Dole → Republican candidate in the 1996 election, lost to Clinton

Yitzhak Rabin → Israeli leader, participated in the 1993 reconciliation meeting with Clinton and Yasir Arafat, assassinated in 1995

Yasir Arafat → Palestinian leader, participated in 1993 peace talks led by Clinton

Monica Lewinsky → White House intern, had an affair with Bill Clinton, scandal led to Clinton’s impeachment

Joseph Lieberman → Al Gore’s running mate in the 2000 election

George W. Bush → Republican candidate in the 2000 election, son of former president George H.W. Bush, won the presidency after the Supreme Court ruled in his favor over disputed Florida votes

Dick Cheney → George W. Bush’s running mate in the 2000 election

Larry McMurtry → Western-themed novelist, gained popularity in the late 20th century

Raymond Carver → Western-themed novelist, significant in late 20th-century American literature

Annie Dillard → Western-themed novelist, part of the literary movement focusing on the American West

Jackson Pollock → Notable American artist after WWII, known for abstract expressionism

Willem de Kooning → Major artist after WWII, associated with abstract expressionism

Andy Warhol → Influential pop artist, emerged after WWII

Robert Rauschenberg → Prominent post-WWII artist

Georgia O’Keeffe → Renowned American painter, significant in 20th-century art

George Lucas → Film director, part of the new generation of filmmakers, known for Star Wars

Spike Lee → Film director, part of the new generation of filmmakers, known for films about race and society

Steven Spielberg → Film director, part of the new generation of filmmakers, known for blockbuster films like Jaws and Jurassic Park

Chapter 40 Key Terms 

Kyoto Treaty → International treaty aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, rejected by President Bush

Patriot Act → Passed in October 2001, expanded the government's ability to monitor citizens' communication, allowed deportation of immigrants suspected of terrorism

Department of Homeland Security → Created in 2002, sought to protect the nation's borders, led to the imprisonment of hundreds of immigrants without formal charges

Guantanamo Detention Camp → Located on the American military base in Cuba, used to hold captured Taliban fighters from Afghanistan

Axis of Evil → Created by Bush in January 2002, included Iraq, North Korea, and Iran

No Child Left Behind Act → Passed in 2002, mandated sanctions against schools that failed to meet federal performance standards

Abu Ghraib Prison → Prison in Baghdad, Iraq, where it was discovered in April 2004 that Iraqi prisoners were being tortured

Great Recession → Economic downturn in 2008, caused by a bursting housing bubble and poor lending practices by private banks, led to plummeting real estate prices and stock market

Troubled Assets Relief Program (TARP) → Passed by Congress in response to the Great Recession, aimed to keep banks and businesses afloat

American Relief and Recovery Act → Economic stimulus bill supported by Obama, included tax cuts, spending for job programs, funding for state and local governments

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act → Also known as Obamacare, passed in 2010, required all Americans to buy health insurance, prohibited health insurers from denying coverage for pre-existing conditions

Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act → Passed in 2010, overhauled the financial regulatory system

Tea Party → Right-wing, ultra-Republican movement that emerged in 2009, opposed most of Obama's policies

Don't Ask, Don't Tell → Military policy repealed in 2010, previously barred openly gay individuals from serving in the U.S. military

Occupy Wall Street → Began in 2011, small demonstrations protesting income inequality

Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission → Supreme Court ruling in 2010, stated that corporations, unions, and advocacy groups could not be limited in political campaign spending

Government Shutdown (2013) → Forced by congressional Republicans, prevented Congress from passing a budget

DREAM Act → Proposed legislation to provide a path to citizenship for undocumented youths, blocked by congressional Republicans in 2010

Defense of Marriage Act → Passed in 1996, ruled unconstitutional in 2013, had previously denied federal benefits to same-sex couples

NSA Spying Scandal → Revealed in 2013, showed that the National Security Agency had been spying on Americans

Iran Nuclear Deal → Negotiated by Obama in 2015, aimed to curb Iran’s development of nuclear weapons

Tax Cuts and Jobs Act → Passed in 2017, cut corporate tax rate, capped mortgage interest deduction, expected to add $1 trillion to the national debt

America First → Trump’s foreign policy approach, aimed at limiting U.S. involvement in international institutions

Chapter 40 Key People  

George W. Bush → Republican president from 2001-2009, entered office promising unity but was divisive, opposed welfare programs, rejected the Kyoto Treaty, enacted tax cuts, led U.S. invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq, created the "axis of evil," signed No Child Left Behind Act, supported a constitutional amendment to ban gay marriage, opposed stem cell research, appointed conservative justices, oversaw poor government response to Hurricane Katrina, had a declining approval rating

Osama bin Laden → Leader of Al Qaeda, responsible for the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, killed by American forces in Pakistan in 2011

Saddam Hussein → Dictator of Iraq, had harassed U.N. weapons inspectors, overthrown by U.S. invasion in 2003, former leader of the Sunni minority in Iraq

John F. Kerry → Democratic nominee for president in 2004, lost to George W. Bush

Dick Cheney → Vice President under George W. Bush, his chief of staff was convicted of perjury in 2005 for leaking the name of an undercover CIA agent

Barack Obama → Democratic president from 2009-2017, won the 2008 election against John McCain, supported economic stimulus bills, signed Affordable Care Act, repealed Don't Ask, Don't Tell, signed Wall Street Reform Act, won Nobel Peace Prize in 2009, withdrew U.S. troops from Iraq, ordered the mission that killed Osama bin Laden, negotiated Iran nuclear deal, faced strong opposition from Republicans, won re-election in 2012

John McCain → Republican nominee for president in 2008, lost to Obama, had extensive experience in government

Sarah Palin → Republican vice-presidential nominee in 2008, running mate of John McCain, had no political experience, not politically astute

Mitt Romney → Republican nominee for president in 2012, promised to repeal the Affordable Care Act and Wall Street Reform Act, lost to Obama

Hillary Clinton → Ran against Obama in the 2008 Democratic primaries, lost, was later the Democratic nominee in the 2016 presidential election, lost to Trump despite winning the popular vote

Donald Trump → Republican president from 2017-2021, former Democrat, won the 2016 election against Hillary Clinton despite losing the popular vote, criticized fact-based news as "fake news," made derogatory nicknames for opponents, pushed the America First agenda, supported the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act

Vladimir Putin → Russian president, Russia interfered in the 2016 U.S. presidential election in an attempt to help Trump win

VERSION A 

1. Bill Clinton → Surprise Candidate and winner in the 1992 election, he should probably thank the 3rd party candidate for splitting the republican vote 

2) Ross Perot → 3rd Party candidate 1992, he is a self-made computer tycoon (computer sales), he is fiscally conservative and runs on the deficit/debt issue 

3) Hillary Clinton → Leads President Clinton’s attempt to cover all Americans with health care, this proposed plan is scuttled by Congress  

4) Newt Gringrich → Speaker of the House after 1994, his Contract for America has plans to reduce government spending and the national deficit/debt 

5) Robert Dole → Republican nominee in 1996, this Kansas Senator is fiscally and socially conservative, he is a WWII hero 

6) Monic Lewinsky → White house intern who becomes the center of attention due to the inappropriate relationship with the president. 

7) Al Gore → Democratic candidate for the President in 2000, he won the popular vote, but lost the electoral college when the Supreme Court stopped the Florida recount 

8) George W Bush → Won the 2000 Presidential race, despite losing the popular vote, he proposes a massive Tax cut, and he delivers 

9) George HW Bush → Lost the 1992 election despite the high favorability ratings in 1991 

10) Slobadan Milokević → Serbian general who orchestrates the ‘ethnic cleansing’ of ethnic Albanians in the former Yuogoslavia, he is the Nationalist leader in the Kosovo crisis. 

11) Ruth Bader Ginsberg → Second woman to be named to the Supreme court, becomes a liberal voice on the court until her death in 2020. 

12) Timothy McVeigh → Architect of the Oklahoma City bombing. Was angry at the federal government for its handling of the Branch Davidian cult in Waco two years earlier. 

13) Madeleine Albright → First woman to be named as U.S. secretary of state. She’ll serve for Clinton’s entire second term 

14) Osama bin Laden → Leader of the terrorist group Al Qaeda which emerges as the biggest threat to American security by the end of the 1990’s 

15) Toni Morrison → One of the greatest American novelists to ever live. Her 1987 book, Beloved, won the Pulitzer Prize 

16) Kyoto Treaty → International agreement that calls for the reduction of carbon emissions amongst the member nations. 

17) Al Qaeda → Militant, terrorist Muslim extremist organization responsible for attacking the USS cole, the 1998 bombings of 2 US embassies in Africa as well as 9/11 

18) Abu Ghraib → Iraq Prison managed by the US during the Iraq war, it became famous for human rights violations of the prisoners during US management. 

19) No Child Left Behind → Bush’s signature educational reform that receives bi-partisan support, it calls for more accountability and uses more standardized tests. 

20) American Recovery and Reinvestment Act → Obama act that called for more money to ‘bail out’ big corporations, provide a tax cut and increase funds for public works projects 

21) Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act → Obama act that calls for all Americans to have access to health care by providing subsidies for insurance if you can’t afford it amongst other reforms 

22) Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection → Creates a Consumer Financial Protection Bureau to make sure that Financial products do not cheat their customers 

23) USA Patriot Act → Allows for US police agencies to detain suspected terrorists without charging them with a crime. 

24) Occupy Wall Street → Economic protest that highlighted the control of large corporations and the growing gap between the wealthiest and poorest Americans 

25) TEA Party → Conservation caucus of House members that called for reduction of Government spending including proposition to 2008 bailouts.