pdhpe-prelim-notes-the-body-in-motion

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• Title: PDHPE - Prelim Notes The Body In Motion

  • Source: High School - Australia

  • Document downloaded by Tom Boyle

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Body Systems and Movements

• Skeletal System:

  • Composed of 206 bones.

  • Functions:

    • Supports the body, providing shape and form.

    • Protects vital organs and soft tissue.

    • Aids in movement by serving as levers with muscle attachments.

    • Manufactures blood cells (in bone marrow).

    • Stores essential minerals (calcium, phosphorus).

  • Types of Bones:

    • Long Bones: Function as levers, longer than wide.

    • Short Bones: Transfer forces, small size (e.g., wrist).

    • Flat Bones: Broad surfaces for muscle attachment and protection.

  • Bone Composition:

    • Dense outer layer (compact bone) is strong and forms the shaft.

    • Inner layer consists of spongy (cancellous) bone, protects bone marrow, light yet strong.

    • Marrow: Soft tissue producing blood cells, located in bone cavities.

  • Articular Cartilage: Covers bone ends at joints, allowing free movement and reducing jarring.

Major Bones in Movement

• Clavicle (Collar Bone): Connects shoulder girdle and vertebral column, enhances shoulder mobility.

• Scapula (Shoulder Blade): Triangular flat bone facilitating arm movement.

• Humerus: Long bone of the upper arm, flexible in movement.

• Radius and Ulna: Forearm bones enabling rotation of the hand.

• Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges: Bones of the wrist and fingers aiding fine motor functions.

• Pelvic Girdle: Supports upper body weight, links lower limbs, has strong supporting ligaments.

• Femur: Longest, strongest bone, enables extensive movement.

• Patella: Protects the knee.

• Tibia and Fibula: Shinbones providing structural support to the lower leg.

• Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges: Bones of the foot, important for leg movements.

Anatomical Terms

• SIA PoMeLaPD: Superior, Inferior, Anterior, Posterior, Medial, Lateral, Proximal, Distal.

  • Superior: Toward the head.

  • Inferior: Toward the feet.

  • Anterior: Front side.

  • Posterior: Back side.

  • Medial: Towards the midline.

  • Lateral: Towards the side.

  • Proximal: Closer to body mass.

  • Distal: Further from body mass.

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Synovial Joints

• Types:

  • Fibrous (Immovable): No movement, e.g., cranial sutures.

  • Cartilaginous (Slightly Movable): Limited movement, e.g., vertebral discs.

  • Synovial (Freely Movable): Maximum movement, e.g., hip joint.

• Components:

  • Ligaments: Connect bones, provide support.

  • Tendons: Connect muscles to bones.

  • Synovial Fluid: Lubricates and nourishes cartilage.

  • Hyaline Cartilage: Covers bones in joints to facilitate movement.

Joint Actions

• Flexion: Decreases angle at a joint.

• Extension: Increases angle at a joint.

• Abduction: Moves body part away from midline.

• Adduction: Moves body part towards midline.

• Inversion/Eversion: Foot rotation in/out.

• Rotation: Twisting around a joint.

• Circumduction: Circular movement of a limb.

• Pronation/Supination: Palm orientation changes.

• Dorsiflexion/Plantar Flexion: Foot movements involving ankle.

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Muscular System

• Overview:

  • Contains over 600 muscles attached to bones, enabling movement.

  • Muscle Actions:

    • Origin: Stationary bone attachment.

    • Insertion: Moving bone attachment.

  • Muscles contract, cannot push but shorten.

Major Muscles in Movement

• Deltoid: Abducts arm.

• Biceps Brachii: Flexes arm and forearm.

• Triceps: Extends arm and forearm.

• Latissimus Dorsi: Adducts and rotates arm.

• Trapezius: Elevates shoulders and adducts scapula.

• Pectorals: Flexes and adducts arm.

• Erector Spinae: Extends trunk.

• Gluteus Maximus: Extends thigh.

• Rectus Abdominis: Flexes trunk.

• External Obliques: Flexes and rotates trunk.

• Hamstrings: Flexes lower leg.

• Quadriceps: Extends lower leg.

• Gastrocnemius: Flexes knee and plantar flexes foot.

• Soleus: Plantar flexes foot.

• Tibialis Anterior: Dorsiflexes and inverts foot.

Muscle Relationships

• Agonist: Prime mover.

• Antagonist: Allows controlled movement, opposite action of agonist.

• Stabiliser: Fixates a joint, providing support.

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Types of Muscle Contraction

• Concentric: Muscle shortens during contraction.

• Eccentric: Muscle lengthens under tension.

• Isometric: Muscle tension without changing length.

Respiratory System

• Function: Involves taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide.

• Process:

  • Inspiration: Air intake.

  • Expiration: Air expulsion.

• Pathway:

  • Air enters through mouth/nose.

  • Passes through pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.

  • Gases exchanged due to pressure differences.

Gas Exchange

• Oxygen enters blood in alveoli, carbon dioxide is expelled.

• Concentration gradients facilitate exchange.

Physical Activity Effects on Respiration

• Increased demand for oxygen during exercise.

• Breathing rate and depth rise in anticipation and execution of exercise.

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Circulatory System

• Function: Distributes oxygen, nutrients, and removes waste.

• Components:

  • Heart: Pumps blood.

  • Blood: Relays oxygen, nutrients, hormones.

  • Veins: Return deoxygenated blood to heart.

Blood Composition

• Plasma: Liquid component (90% water) transporting nutrients, proteins, and wastes.

• Red Blood Cells: Carry oxygen using hemoglobin.

• White Blood Cells: Immune defense against disease.

• Platelets: Initiate clotting process.

Heart Anatomy and Function

• Muscular pump with four chambers:

  • Atria: Receive blood.

  • Ventricles: Pump blood.

• Cardiac Cycle:

  • Diastole: Relaxation and filling of chambers.

  • Systole: Contraction and ejection of blood.

Blood and Circulatory Dynamics

• Blood pressure: Pressure from circulating blood.

• Systolic vs. Diastolic pressure.

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Blood Vessels

• Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart; have thick walls.

• Capillaries: Unite arterioles and venules; site of nutrient and gas exchange.

• Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood back to heart; have valves preventing backflow.

Circulation Types

• Pulmonary Circulation: Blood flow from heart to lungs.

• Systemic Circulation: Blood flow from heart to body.

Blood Pressure Measurement

• Sphygmomanometer: Measures arterial pressure.

• Pressure recorded as systolic/diastolic ratio.

• Importance in understanding cardiovascular health.

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Overview of Blood Pressure

• Factors affecting blood pressure: cardiac output, blood volume, and resistance.

• Increasing activity raises heart rate, and thus blood pressure.

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Summary of Key Components

• Body has 206 bones providing support and movement.

• Joints are where movements occur; synovial joints facilitate extensive motion.

• Muscles are key in movement, with over 600 involved in various actions.

• Respiratory system comprises key structures (alveoli) for gas exchange.

• Circulatory system transports vital substances and removes waste.

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Physical Fitness

• Health-related Components:

  • Cardiorespiratory Endurance: Efficiency of heart and lungs.

  • Muscular Strength: Force exerted against resistance.

  • Muscular Endurance: Sustained muscle activity.

  • Flexibility: Range of motion.

  • Body Composition: Ratio of fat to lean mass.

Skill-related Components

• Do not directly affect health but are crucial for athletic performance:

  • Power: Strength and speed combination.

  • Speed: Movement quickness.

  • Agility: Direction change speed.

  • Coordination: Harmonized movement.

  • Balance: Maintaining stability.

  • Reaction Time: Response speed.

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Aerobic and Anaerobic Training

• Aerobic Training: Uses oxygen, long-duration, moderate intensity.

• Anaerobic Training: High intensity, short duration, no oxygen use.

FITT Principle

• Frequency: 3-5 training sessions per week.

• Intensity: Varies based on fitness level.

• Time: Minimum of 20 minutes for effectiveness.

• Type: Continuous exercise that engages large muscle groups.

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Physiological Responses to Training

• Heart Rate: Increases with activity, average resting is 72 bpm.

• Ventilation Rate: Breathing rate increases to improve oxygen delivery.

• Stroke Volume: Amount of blood ejected per heartbeat increases with training.

• Cardiac Output: Volume of blood pumped per minute, increases with activity.

• Lactate Levels: Increased during intense exercise as a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism.

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Fitness Components Recap

• Health-related components lead to overall fitness and reduced disease risk:

  • Cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, endurance, flexibility, body composition are key.

• Skill-related components enhance sports performance.

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Biomechanics Introduction

• Study of forces acting on the body; improves performance and minimizes injury.

Motion Types

• Linear Motion: Straight line movement.

• Angular Motion: Rotation around an axis.

• General Motion: Combination of linear and angular motion.

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Velocity and Speed

• Velocity: Displacement over time, crucial for performance assessments.

• Speed: How fast a body/object moves, important in various sports.

Momentum

• Defined as mass times velocity; significant in impact situations.

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Balance and Stability

• Centre of Gravity: Key to maintaining balance.

• Line of Gravity: Affects stability as it falls within the base of support.

Fluid Mechanics

• Understanding how the body interacts with fluids is critical for performance improvement.

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Principles of Fluid Mechanics

• Buoyancy: Importance in water sports; relates to density and positioning in water.

• Drag and Lift: Forces affecting motion through fluid.

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Forces in Motion

• Force: A push or pull; affects athletic performance.

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Absorbing Force

• Techniques to absorb impact forces are crucial in reducing injury risk during athletic participation.

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Summary of Key Concepts

• Fundamental biomechanical principles aid performance and injury prevention. Key factors in physical activity include balance, body density, frictional forces, and effective force application.