Lesson 1_Generalities-Introduction Osteology_CB

Course Overview

• Institution: Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore

• Course Title: Medicine and Surgery, Organic and Functional Systems I

• Instructor: Camilla Bernardini, Section of Human Anatomy

• Contact: camilla.bernardini@unicatt.it

• Course Building: 1° Floor, Istituti Biologici

Course Modules

• Musculoskeletal System

  • Anatomy

  • Embryology

  • Histology

  • Physiology

Anatomy

• Anatomy studies the structure of the body.

  • Divided into:

    • Gross anatomy (topographical anatomy): Large structures visible without a microscope.

    • Microscopic anatomy (histology): Structures requiring a microscope.

    • Embryology: Developmental anatomy.

• Physiology: Study of functions and mechanisms in the body.

Textbook Reference

• Gray's Anatomy (40th Edition): The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice, by Editor-in-Chief Susan Standring.

• Atlas of Human Anatomy (6th Edition) by Frank H. Netter, MD.

Functions of the Skeletal System

• Bones: Provide support and protection.

• Muscles: Attach to bones for movement and stability.

• Joints: Connect bones, allow movement via muscle contraction.

Goals of the Course

• Define and apply anatomical terminology.

• Identify and name bones, locate landmarks.

• Describe bone types, structure, function.

• Identify types of joints and functional characteristics.

• Describe the anatomy of specific joints, ligaments, and bursa.

• Identify muscles of extremities, neck, trunk, and face.

• Recognize bony origins and insertions of muscles.

First Class Summary

1. General System Anatomy

   • Introduction to bones, skeletal muscles, and joints.

2. Skeleton Introduction

   • Functions, classifications, sexual dimorphism, developmental aspects.

3. Clinical Correlates

   • Bone fractures.

Anatomical Terminology

• Axes:

  • Longitudinal (vertical)

  • Transverse (horizontal)

  • Anteroposterior (sagittal)

• Planes:

  • Frontal (Coronal): Divides body into anterior and posterior.

  • Sagittal: Divides body into right and left.

  • Horizontal (Transverse): Divides body into upper and lower sections.

Anatomical Position

• Standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at sides, palms facing outward, lower limbs together with toes facing forward.

Anatomical Relationships

• Medial vs. Lateral: Closeness to the median plane.

• Proximal vs. Distal: Distance from limb attachment to trunk.

• External vs. Internal: Proximity to the center of an organ.

• Superficial vs. Deep: Relationships between adjacent structures.

• Ipsilateral, Bilateral, Contralateral: Sides of the body.

Anatomical Terms Example

• Lungs: Lateral to Heart

• Heart: Medial to Lungs

• Heart: Superior to Liver

• Liver: Inferior to Heart

General System Anatomy

• Bones: Serve as organs forming the skeletal system.

• Skeletal Muscles: Allow movement by attaching to bones.

• Joints: Form connections allowing movement.

Bone Structure Components

• Bones: Composed of connective tissue, marrow, adipose tissue, and blood vessels.

• Muscles: Composed of striated muscle tissue, connective tissue, and blood vessels.

• Joints: Composed of cartilage, connective tissue, and synovial membranes.

Functions of the Skeleton

• Support, Protection, Motion: Basic functions of the skeletal system.

• Hematopoiesis: Blood cell production.

• Mineral Storage: Reserves of minerals like calcium.

Skeleton Structure

• Axial Skeleton: Skull, Spine, Thoracic cage.

• Appendicular Skeleton: Pectoral girdle, Upper limb, Pelvic girdle, Lower limb.

Bone Structure Types

• Compact Bone: Dense outer layer.

• Cancellous Bone: Spongy inner structure containing marrow.

Bone Textures and Imaging

• X-Rays: Imaging technique that differentiates soft and hard tissues based on density.

Periosteum and Endosteum

• Periosteum: Covers bone exterior, involved in growth and healing.

• Endosteum: Lines internal surfaces, highly vascularized, aids in growth and healing.

Fascia Overview

• Fascia: Connective tissue system that surrounds and supports all body structures.

• Classified into: Superficial, Deep, Visceral or Parietal fascia.