AQA GCSE History

Paper 1

Germany 1890-45 Revision Booklet

Name: …………………………………………………............................................................

Germany - 1870-1918: The Kaiser

The Unification of Germany

∙ Prior to 1871, Germany was divided into 39 states. Each with their own leader, rules and customs.

∙ The strongest of these states was Prussia.

∙ Prussia was ruled by the Kaiser and the Chancellor – the Chancellor at the time was Otto Von Bismarck; a man who believed heavily in militarism and unifying all of the German states together to create one country.

∙ Many of the German states agreed that unification was a good thing, as it would get rid of the threat of invasion by the surrounding large countries; Russia and France.

∙ Austria disagreed with unification as they worried that it would impact on their empire and result in them losing power in the area.

∙ Prussia were involved in a number of wars for territory, the most famous being the Franco-Prussian War which they fought against France in 1870-1871. ∙ Prussia were successful in defeating France in this war and took land from them (Alsace-Lorraine). France were left embarrassed and were furious at Germany (holding a grudge way past WW1).

∙ After this war, Prussia was successful in their mission to unify Germany and the country of Germany was born.

∙ Germany was now a united country with the Prussian Kaiser at its helm, with Otto Von Bismarck acting as Chancellor.

Kaiser Wilhelm II

∙ In 1888, the 29-year-old Wilhelm became Kaiser. He was the grandson of Britain’s Queen Victoria and the cousin of Britain’s future king, George V. ∙ When he became Kaiser, Britain was the world’s most powerful country; it had the largest empire, and dominated world trade. Britain also had a navy that was twice the size of its two closest rivals added together.

∙ Wilhelm dreamed of making Germany as great as Britain, and began by building up Germany’s industry. This process is called industrialisation.

∙ Supported by rich, powerful German businessmen, Wilhelm’s desires came true and, by 1913, Germany was producing more iron and steel and as much coal as Britain. In industries such as electrical goods and chemicals, German companies dominated Europe.

∙ Wilhelm was very energetic with a strong, outgoing personality. He could be charming and kind, but also impatient and rude.

∙ The Kaiser would often sack ministers if they did not do what he wanted them to. This resulted in him sacking the much loved Chancellor, Otto Von Bismarck, in 1890.

∙ The Kaiser had spent most of his youth in the army and as a result championed

militarism as being the key to a successful country. He was keen to maintain a strong army and build up a strong Navy which rivaled Britain’s.

∙ Re replaced his father aged 29, after he died suddenly and unexpectedly of cancer.

Kaiser Wilhelm II Foreign Policy

∙ The Kaiser followed a Foreign Policy of Weltpolitik (World policy) and believed that Germany should have their ‘Place in the sun’ competing and being recognised with the other world powers.

∙ The Kaiser believed that the key to achieving his aim, was to establish and maintain and strong army and Navy. As a result of this he became involved with other European powers in the Arms and Naval Race.

∙ One of his main aims was to compete with the British Navy, and therefore he introduced Naval Laws in 1898, 1900, 1906, 1908, and 1912 to build up the size of his Navy.

∙ This resulted in Britain becoming worried by Germany’s Naval advancements and continuing to strengthen their own Navy, releasing the new battleship the Dreadnought in 1906. Germany then released their own version of the Dreadnought and continued to build up their Navy in preparation for war.

∙ The Kaiser also wanted to increase the size of Germany’s army and introduced compulsory conscription in 1913,

∙ The Kaiser hoped to use his strong army and navy to build up Germany’s empire and establish them as a world power.

The growth of Socialism

∙ The success of German industry had made many landowners, business and factory owners very rich. These people, along with noble army officers, were a powerful force in Germany at this time and had much influence with the Kaiser. They were keen to preserve their positions of influence, but things were changing.

∙ Many workers in the new factories, mines and workshops were unhappy because their wages were low, working conditions were poor, and food was expensive. More and more working class people joined trade unions and organised strikes in the hope that this might force the Kaiser, his advisers and the politicians in the Reichstag to try to improve their conditions.

∙ Many ordinary workers voted for a new political party called the Social Democratic Party [SPD]. They believed in socialism - the idea that power and wealth should be shared equally among the people.

∙ The Social Democrats hoped that the Kaiser might share some of his power, and allow the Reichstag to make more social reforms or laws to improve workers’ rights and conditions.

∙ Around one in three Germans voted for this political party at this time.

∙ There were some socialists who took a more extreme view: they wanted to rebel against the Kaiser’s rule, start a revolution, take over the country, and allow cities and towns to be governed by councils of workers.

∙ The rise in popularity of socialism is one of the major events in Germany at this time - and was potentially a major problem for the government.

Germany and the First World War

∙ People in Germany soon started to suffer during the war, when the British used their large navy to stop supply ships getting to Germany. As a result, there were terrible shortages of food, medicines and clothing. As the war continued, people grew weary and tired of it.

∙ In 1915, 500 women gathered in front of the German parliament buildings and said that they wanted their men back from the trenches.

∙ A year later, 10,000 workers assembled in Berlin to shout,‘Down with war, down with the government!’ The police quickly moved in to make arrests and calm the situation.

The impact of WW1

∙ By 1918, Germany was close to collapse.

∙ The German people were so short of food that they were surviving on turnips and bread, and a deadly flu epidemic was sweeping the country, killing thousands already weak from a poor diet.

∙ On the battlefields, too, Germany was close to defeat.

∙ In October, General Ludendorff, a leading German army general and war hero, told German politicians that they could never win the war. He advised the Kaiser that the British, French and Americans might treat Germany more fairly if the country became more democratic - in other words, the Kaiser must share more of his power with the German parliament.

∙ The Kaiser reluctantly did exactly that. He allowed the main political parties to form a new government, and transferred some of his powers to the Reichstag. However, the changes came too late to satisfy the German people.

∙ More demonstrations were held against the war and some said the Kaiser should give up his throne. Others talked of overthrowing him in a revolution.

Mutiny and Revolution

∙ On 28 October 1918, the German navy was ordered out to sea from Kiel in northern Germany to attack British ships.

∙ Sailors on the ships refused to follow orders because they no longer wanted to fight.

∙ News of their mutiny began to spread. In ports nearby, other sailors refused to follow orders.

∙ Workers in the towns supported them.

∙ Soldiers, sent to deal with the protests, joined the sailors and workers. ∙ They took over towns there and set up special councils to run them. In just six days, workers’ and soldiers’ councils were governing cities all over Germany, such as Hamburg and Munich.

∙ The country was in chaos and there was little the Kaiser could do. He had lost control and his army generals refused to support him. On 9 November 1918, he abdicated and secretly left Germany, never to return.

The end of the War

∙ Friedrich Ebert, the leader of Germany’s largest political party (the SPD], took the Kaiser’s place as leader of Germany, on a temporary basis.

∙ He promised to hold elections soon. If ordinary German people wanted him as their leader, they would get the chance to vote for him if they wished. Meanwhile, he gave the people what they really wanted - an end to the war. On 11 November 1918, Germany surrendered: the First World War was over.

Germany – 1919-1933: Weimar Republic*

*Weimar is the town the politicians met in and a Republic is a country without a King or Queen

The end of WWI – November 1918

∙ Germany was in a very poor state: the blockade of Germany had led to a lack of food and supplies. People were starving. Riots were breaking out. The navy had mutinied (rebelled) against the Kaiser (king of Germany).

∙ The Kaiser realised the situation was hopeless and abdicated (quit his job) in October 1918. Germany was left without a leader and in a mess. ∙ The biggest political party in Germany was the Social Democrats. Their leader, Friedrich Ebert, took on the job of running Germany. He tried to improve people’s lives by giving them better working conditions and freedom of speech. ∙ Ebert and his government signed the armistice and withdrew from Germany from WW1 in November 1918.

The Weimar Constitution

∙ The Social Democrats won the January 1919 elections. They held the first meeting of their new government in a town called Weimar – and got the nickname “The Weimar Government”.

∙ Their first job was to write a new constitution (set of rules) for Germany. ∙ Their new rules included:

1. everyone over the age of 20 could vote, people voted for MPs who would sit in the Reichstag, the Reichstag would suggest and vote on new laws,

2. the Chancellor would be head of the Reichstag and would be voted for every 4 years,

3. There would be a President who would choose the Chancellor and keep control of the army and he would be voted for every 7 years.

4. Germany would use a system called Proportional Representation; this means each political party would get a fair share of the seats in the Reichstag – if a party won 10% of the votes they would get 10% of the seats.

5. Proportional Representation seemed fair but had lots of problems; there was so many parties in the Reichstag that no party ever had a majority (over 50% of the seats) so they couldn’t pass laws by themselves. This meant parties had to make deals with each other and this slowed the whole process down. It also helps Hitler get into power later.

2

⮚⮚

Not everybody was happy with Germany being a democratic country and they didn’t like the way Weimar Germany was being run by Ebert.

The Spartacist Revolution January 1919

∙ In January 1919, the German communist party (the Spartacists) decided that they wanted to take over Germany from Ebert.

∙ They started a revolution attempt on 6^th

January. It was not successful. In a week,

Ebert with the help of his Freikorps (ex-WWI soldiers

paid to help the government keep order) had stopped the

rebellion and killed many communists. The Spartacist

leaders, Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebnecht, were

murdered.

∙ It was helpful for Ebert that the Spartacists were no longer a

threat. However, he had to rely on the Freikorps to keep

order – that made him look weak to the public, and it was risky as the Freikorps could turn on him at any point.

∙ The German communists continued to create riots around Germany, even after the Spartacist Revolution failed. Freikorps had to be sent round to fight them and stop them.

Other opposition to the Weimar Government

∙ The right wing also hated the Social

Democrats. The Freikorps themselves

went against Ebert in 1920 when they

supported Wolfgang Kapp in his

attempt to take over the country

(Kapp Putsch).

∙ It was only because of the workers

in Berlin going on strike and refusing

to help the Freikorps, that the

Putsch failed.

3

∙ Over 200 people connected to the Weimar Government were assassinated between 1919 and 1923. The most famous was Walther Rathenau, the politician who had been involved with the armistice and the Treaty of Versailles. These assassinations showed how much people disliked their new government and also made people feel that they were doing a bad job as they weren’t stopping violence on the streets.

The Treaty of Versailles – June 1919

∙ This is the peace Treaty Germany had to sign after World War One. The government had no choice but to sign the treaty; if they didn’t sign the war would continue and Germany would lose.

∙ The Main terms can be summed up as BRAT

∙ Blame – Germany had to accept responsibility for starting the war and causing all the damage. This is called the War Guilt clause.

∙ Reparations – Germany had to pay £6.6 billion to pay to repair the damage caused by the war.

∙ Armed Forces – the Germany army was reduced to 100,000 men, and they couldn’t have any tanks, submarines or planes. The Rhineland (an area of Germany that borders France) was also demilitarised so no German troops could go there.

∙ Territory – Germany lost 13% of their land and 12.5% of their population. They also lost all their colonies so they no longer had an empire. Germany was also forbidden to join with Austria. Some of the land they lost was industrial land with coal mines etc on; this meant they lost a way to produce income for Germany.

∙ The Germans were outraged. They

called the Treaty a “diktat” (dictated

peace) and accused the Weimar

Government of “stabbing them in

the back” by agreeing to such harsh

terms. People began to look to other

politicians to rule Germany better

than the Social Democrats.

The beginnings of the Nazi Party

∙ Anton Drexler had a party called the German Workers Party. ∙ Hitler joined this in 1920 as he agreed with what the party was saying about getting rid of the Treaty of Versailles.

∙ Hitler soon became its leader. He re-named it the

National Socialist German Workers

Party (NSDAP/Nazi Party).

∙ He gave the party a new flag and a new private army

to protect it (the SA/Brownshirts).

4

∙ The party was small and would meet in beer houses. It began to attract attention because of Hitler’s powerful speeches, especially his rants against the Treaty of Versailles. The SA would also beat up opponents, especially the communists.

1923 – The Invasion of the Ruhr, Hyperinflation and the Munich Putsch

∙ Germany paid her first reparation payment in 1921 but couldn’t afford the 1922 payment.

∙ France and Belgium decided to invade Germany in January 1923 and take the payment by force. They invaded the Ruhr, Germany’s main industrial area, to take goods, such as coal.

∙ The Germans reacted with passive resistance. They went on strike and refused to make the goods that the French and Belgians wanted. They sabotaged factories and flooded mines.

∙ The French and Belgians reacted with violence: shooting some Germans and expelling some others.

∙ The Weimar Government supported the strikers by printing more money to pay them so that they could afford to keep striking.

∙ Too many notes in the economy meant that prices went out of control. November 1923 was the worst month: bread

cost 201,000,000,000 marks.

∙ People had to carry their wages home in wheelbarrows. Prices went up so fast that a day’s wages would just buy a cup of coffee the next day. The middle classes and the elderly suffered badly as their savings and pensions were wiped out. This was called hyperinflation.

∙ Hitler chose November 1923 as the moment to attempt his Munich Putsch (putsch = take power by force). He thought people were so fed up of their situation that they would support another leader.

∙ On the evening of 8^th November 1923, Hitler and 600 Nazis seized a beer hall where a meeting between the Bavarian leaders was taking place. Hitler and his men arrested the three leaders (von Kahr, bon Seisser and Von Lossow). He made them swear their support for Hitler’s takeover before locking them in a room.

∙ The three men escaped and called the police, who went after Hitler and arrested him. The Putsch was easily stopped.

∙ Hitler got very useful publicity from his trial, and Hitler’s name was known all over Germany.

∙ Whilst Hitler was in prison he wrote Mein Kampf, in which he explained all his ideas for Germany.

∙ Hitler also changed his strategy; he decided it would be best to get power by winning votes, rather than taking power by force.

∙ Hyperinflation ended in November/December 1923 as Stresemann introduced the Rentenmark, and signed the Dawes Plan, which meant America lent Germany money to help rebuild industry so they could pay the reparations. 5

1924-9 – The Economic Boom of the Stresemann Years

∙ Gustav Stresemann was Germany’s Chancellor in 1923-4 and her Foreign Secretary after that.

∙ He helped Germany get back on her feet

o Economic measures – replaced the old currency with the Rentenmark, the Dawes Plan 1924 (800,000,000 mark loan from the USA), the Young Plan 1929 (reduced Reparations payments by 67%)

∙ This increased the amount of money and foreign goods in Germany. People had more money to spend and the standard of living rose.

∙ This was an age of cinema, clubs, sex, modern art and architecture, industry, radios, cars. Many urban people loved it; many rural people deeply disapproved.

∙ On the surface, Germany was doing well. Underneath, there were problems: Germany was dependent on foreign loans and not making enough of her own money yet to stay afloat.

1929 – The economic Bust and the Wall Street Crash

∙ In 1929, the USA’s economy collapsed. They recalled all

their loans. Germany’s money stopped and they spiralled

into Depression.

∙ Unemployment rocketed. It peaked at 6,000,000.

∙ People lost their homes and had to live on the

streets, scavenging on rubbish tips for food.

∙ The Weimar Government dealt with it poorly – they

refused to print more money but raised taxes and

cut wages instead. This increased people’s suffering.

∙ Violence began to break out again as people got desperate. The Weimar Government failed to deal with it.

The Changes to the Nazi Party: 1924-1929

∙ Whilst Hitler was in prison the Party had been banned but operated in secret. ∙ In February 1924 the ban on the Party was lifted and the Nazi Party was relaunched and Hitler slowly began to take control again.

∙ At the Bamberg party Conference in 1926 Hitler strengthened his position as leader. Hitler created the SS (Blackshirts) as his private bodyguards, Hitler also set up the Hitler Youth to rival other youth groups.

∙ In 1928 Hitler decided to target rural voters, as well as urban voters. ∙ In 1925 the Nazi Party had 27,000 members by 1928 this had increased to 100,000.

∙ However the Nazis only won 12 seats in the 1928 election, so Hitler appointed Goebbels as Party Propaganda Leader.

6

1929-33 – The increased popularity of the Nazis and Hitler becoming Chancellor

Why did people vote for the Nazis?

1. The Great Depression

∙ The Wall St Crash in America had a big impact

on the economy in Germany.

∙ The loans from America as part of the

Dawes Plan were withdrawn.

∙ Unemployment in Germany reached 6 million

people, this meant 40% of the workforce

were without a job.

∙ The Nazis promised ‘Work and Bread’ – this

meant they were going to provide jobs for

people so they could look after their families.

∙ The Nazis offered a simple promise

that appealed to the people.

∙ The Nazis tried to appeal to workers who would otherwise vote for the Communist Party.

2. The Nazis use of Propaganda

∙ The Nazis put Josef Goebbels in charge of propaganda.

∙ He made sure that their message was clear, simple and easy to understand.

∙ The Nazis owned 120 daily or weekly newspapers which were read by hundreds of thousands of people and constantly put across a positive message about the Nazis.

∙ Hitler also made speeches on the radio and at mass rallies.

3. The role of the SA

∙ The Weimar Government appeared to be disorganised and were unable to solve the problems in Germany. President Hindenburg had to start running Germany using Article 48 (emergency powers) which was unpopular.

∙ In comparison the Nazis appeared as very organised, particularly the SA as they marched in their smart uniforms through the towns and the cities.

∙ The organisation of the SA and the Nazis encouraged more people to vote for the Nazis.

∙ The SA also had another role; they were a violent group that would beat up opposition to the Nazis such as Communists.

∙ There were countless battles between the SA and the Red Front Fighters (the Communist private army). Hitler was trying to show the German people that the Communists were violent and the SA could deal

with them.

7

4. Hitler’s promises

∙ Hitler made promises that appealed to people.

∙ He promised to get rid of the Treaty of Versailles (which made Germany look weak), solve Germany’s problems and provide jobs.

The Election Results

∙ During the 1930s (the Great Depression years) the Nazi votes rose. ∙ Election results:

o 1928: 12 seats.

o 1930: 107 seats.

o July 1932: 230 seats (the Nazis were the largest political party, 37%, but they did not have a majority in the Reichstag).

o Nov 1932: 196 seats (The SA’s campaign of violence began to have a negative impact and the vote reduced to 33%).

How did Hitler become Chancellor? (Political Scheming)

∙ It is the President’s role to choose the Chancellor of Germany.

∙ Hitler asked to be Chancellor but Hindenburg (the President) refused as he didn’t trust Hitler.

∙ Hindenburg chose von Papen to be the Chancellor. However as he was not the leader of the largest party he found it very difficult to run the country, as he couldn’t pass laws without a majority. He decided to hold another election in November 1932.

∙ However von Papen could still not get a majority in the Reichstag. ∙ Hindenburg then chose von Schleicher as the next Chancellor, after he convinced Hindenburg that the country was moving towards Civil War. However he couldn’t get a majority in the Reichstag either. Hindenburg had to keep ruling with Article 48.

∙ Von Papen was determined to regain power and so he met with Hitler in early January 1933. They decided that von Papen would help Hitler become Chancellor if Hitler made von Papen vice Chancellor. This is called political scheming.

∙ Von Papen convinced Hindenburg that he could control Hitler. ∙ Eventually, Hindenburg had no options left and made

Hitler Chancellor on 30^th January 1933.

The Temporary Triangle, January 1933

8

Nazi Germany – 1933-45

1933-4 – Hitler’s consolidation of his power and his rise to become Führer (supreme leader)

∙ Hitler was now the Chancellor of Germany, and was the leader of the largest political Party in Germany.

∙ However Hitler and the Nazi Party did not have a majority in the Reichstag. That meant Hitler still needed the support of other political parties to pass laws; he couldn’t do what he wanted.

∙ Hitler decided to call another election for March 1933. He hoped he would get a majority this time.

1. The Reichstag Fire

∙ One week before the election on

February 27^th 1933, the Reichstag

building was set on fire.

∙ It is not known for definite who started

the fire (people think it was the Nazis), but

the Nazis arrested Marinus van der

Lubbe, a Dutch Communist.

∙ Hitler and the Nazis then claimed that the

Communists were about to stage a

takeover of Germany.

∙ Hitler then persuaded Hindenburg to sign

the ‘Decree for the Protection of the

People and State’. This allowed the Nazis

to imprison large numbers of their political opponents, mainly the Communists. The Communist and Socialists newspapers were also banned.

∙ This helped the Nazis as their main rivals found it difficult to campaign in the week before the election and lots of Germans were worried about voting for the Communists.

∙ At the election the Nazis increased their vote to 288 seats (44%); but they still didn’t have a majority in the Reichstag.

2. The Enabling Law

∙ Hitler formed a coalition with the Nationalist Party so that he had a majority in the Reichstag and could start to get things done.

∙ On 23^rd March 1933 Hitler passed the Enabling Bill. He had used some underhand tactics to do this;

- Communists Party members couldn’t vote

- Anybody who was absent was counted as present and voting in favour of the Bill

- The SA intimidated members as they entered the Reichstag

9

- Hitler made promises to the Catholics (such as no interference with Catholic schools) so that they would vote in his favour

∙ Due to all of these tactics Hitler was able to pass the Enabling Act. This meant he could make laws without consulting the Reichstag for the next 4 years. The Act enabled Hitler to turn Germany into a dictatorship. ∙ With the power of the Enabling Act, Hitler then:

- Banned opposing parties and put leaders in concentration camps. - Banned Trade Unions.

- Put Nazis in charge of all state governments.

- Used fear and intimidation to make sure people didn’t challenge the Nazis.

3. The Night of the Long Knives

∙ Hitler had now increased his control over Germany, so he turned his attention to the threats from within his own Party.

∙ The SA, under their leader Röhm, became a threat due to their numbers and military training. Röhm also wanted the SA to

join with the army as Hitler had previously

promised, but this scared Hitler.

∙ On the 30^th June 1934 Hitler had Röhm and

400 leaders of the SA shot by members

of the SS (the Blackshirts; Hitler’s private

bodyguards). This was called the Night of

the Long Knives.

∙ Hitler also used the opportunity to get rid

of other enemies such as von Schleicher.

∙ Hitler told the German people that he had protected them from a takeover.

4. The Death of President Hindenburg

∙ Hindenburg died in August 1934 (he was old and frail).

∙ Hitler then combined the role of Chancellor and President to make himself Führer, which means Supreme Leader. Nobody could stop him due to the Enabling Law.

∙ Hitler then made the army swear an oath of loyalty to him, rather than the country.

Hitler was now in total control over

Germany; he had turned the country

into a dictatorship by legal means.

.

10

How did Nazi economic and social policy affect life in Nazi Germany?

1933-39 – How the Nazis changed the lives

of workers

∙ The German economy was still suffering badly

from the Depression, but Hitler knew he had to

deliver his promise of ‘work and bread’; he needed

to create jobs.

∙ Unemployment was tackled by creating massive

public works programmes such as the building of

the autobahns (motorways). Millions of men were

given jobs through this, although they were paid poorly.

∙ Men aged 18-25 were made to join the RAD (Reich

Labour Service) for 6 months. They did hard manual

labour such as tree felling and ditch digging. They had

to wear Nazi uniform and lived in camps.

∙ All workers joined the DAF (German Labour Front)

which controlled the workers and settled disputes

between them and their employers. It persuaded

employers to improve working

conditions in factories.

∙ The KDF (Strength through Joy) organisation was set

up to organise the leisure time of the workers, providing

them with cheap theatre tickets, cruises, skiing holidays

and saving up for VW Beetles. This encouraged them to

work harder.

∙ From 1935 German men began to be conscripted into

the army and more and more factories were set up for

arms production. These both created jobs. Germany

tried to achieve autarky (self-sufficiency) so that they

could keep fighting when other countries stopped trading

with them.

∙ Women and Jews were sacked from their jobs which created jobs for the men. This was known as invisible unemployment as they were not counted in the unemployment figures.

∙ When Hitler came to power there were 6 million people unemployed, by 1938 that had reduced to 0.5 million. For this reason many people supported Hitler and the Nazis; they made life better.

∙ The government took control of prices, wages, profits and imports which stopped big businesses from running their affairs in their own way. ∙ Jewish small businesses were closed down allowing other German small businesses to flourish.

∙ Farmers were given help in paying off loans but were given quotas for production to meet which limited their freedom.

11

1933-39 – How the Nazis changed the lives of women

∙ Women lost lots of the freedoms they had gained in

the Weimar period.

∙ Women were expected to stay at home and be housewives

and mothers. Many women were forced to leave their jobs.

∙ The role of women can be summed up in the 3Ks; Kinder,

Kuche, Kirche which means children, cooking and church.

∙ The Nazis encouraged women to have large families to

increase the birth rate and to ensure the future of the

master race. Medals were awarded for women who had

large numbers of children.

∙ People were encouraged to get married and have children

by being offered marriage loans which were reduced each time a child was born. They were lent 1,000 marks when they were married and allowed to keep 250 for each child.

∙ Women were discouraged from wearing make-up, smoking and dieting. ∙ Lebensborns were also set up where women could ‘donate’ a baby to the Führer by becoming pregnant by racially pure SS men.

1933-9 – How the Nazis changed the lives of young people

∙ Hitler wanted to indoctrinate (brainwash) young people to become perfect Nazis. He did this in two ways: the Hitler Youth Movements and through Education. ∙ The Hitler Youth Movements:

o 4 different groups, 2 for girls, 2

for boys.

o Boys trained to be soldiers:

marching, camping, weapons training,

fitness training.

o Girls trained to be good mothers:

domestic training, fitness training.

o Both groups trained in utter loyalty

to Hitler: listening to Mein Kampf, saluting the swastika, singing

Nazi songs, reporting on “anti-Nazi” activities in their families and neighbourhoods.

∙ Education:

o New curriculum. Maths questions promoted messages of war and getting rid of minorities, History focused on the Nazi Party, Geography focused on the “Greater Germany”, Biology focused on recognising the Aryan race. Eugenics was introduced which was race studies.

o New resources: History books were rewritten without German defeats, Story books were written warning children of the dangers of the Jews. o Boys were educated to be soldiers, girls educated to be mothers. They had separate timetables.

12

o Lots of PE lessons for everyone to keep everyone fit and healthy for their new roles.

o Teachers had to join the Nazi Teachers’ Association or lose their jobs. o Jewish pupils were persecuted in lessons, by students and teachers. They had to leave German schools in 1938.

∙ Membership of the Hitler Youth became compulsory in 1939. About 7,500,000 children were members; about 1,000,000 refused.

∙ Some young people chose to join anti-Nazi groups like the Swing Movement and the Eidelweiss Pirates.

Propaganda – Keeping people supporting the Nazis

∙ Hitler set up the cult of the Führer, presenting himself as the greatest saviour of Germany. His image was used very carefully – he was only ever shown serving Germany.

∙ Goebbels (Hitler’s Propaganda Minister) made sure that people were bombarded with information to keep them loyal to the Nazis.

∙ Posters, pictures, art exhibitions and films were all made to show how great the Nazis were.

∙ Hitler’s speeches were regularly broadcast on the radio to remind people of how much the Nazis were improving their lives. Cheap radios were sold to people and connected up to loudspeakers so

that everyone could hear.

∙ The newspapers were banned from

printing anything that hadn’t been

checked by the Nazis first

(censorship).

∙ Great rallies were held, such as those

at Nuremberg, to show people how

organised and powerful the Party was.

∙ In 1936, Hitler used the Olympic

Games to showcase to the world how efficient, modern and advanced the German nation was.

Terror / Intimidation – Keeping people supporting the Nazis

∙ The concentration camps were used to imprison anyone

who went against the Nazi state. These were run by the

SS. In the camps, people were expected to work to

benefit Germany. They were often worked to death with

very long hours and insufficient rations.

∙ The Gestapo (secret police) would go round checking that

people were being loyal to the Nazis. People who weren’t

13

would often be taken off in the middle of the night for torture or to be taken to a camp.

∙ The legal system also helped to control Nazi Germany. All judges had to become members of the Nationalist Socialist League for the Maintenance of Law; this meant they had to be members of the Nazi Party who would uphold Nazi

views in the law courts. Judges knew that the Minister of Justice would check if they had been lenient and sometimes Hitler would alter sentences if he thought they were too soft.

∙ Germany was subdivided into tiny blocks of about 30-40 houses. Each block would have a Nazi living there who would keep an eye on all the families and report to the police and the Gestapo if they noticed anti-Nazi behaviour.

∙ Children in the Hitler Youth were expected to spy on their parents and neighbours.

∙ People were too scared to go against the Nazis.

Nazi Racial Policy – 1933-1945

∙ The Nazis believed that the Aryans were the master race.

∙ Hitler wanted to keep the master race pure. This meant Aryans and non-Aryans should not have children.

∙ Hitler wanted a pure Aryan state. He was going to achieve this by; o Selective breeding

o Destroying the Jews

∙ Hitler and the Nazis believed that Jews were inferior, who could be blamed for all of Germany’s problems such as the Treaty of Versailles, hyperinflation and the Great Depression. They were being used as scapegoats.

1933-39 – How the Nazis changed the lives of minorities

∙ The Nazis believed in Aryan superiority. Anyone who didn’t fit in with their idea of a top class human being had to be removed from society.

∙ Vagrants and the homeless were taken to camps to be re-educated and taught how to work so that they could become useful German citizens.

∙ Homosexuals were sent to concentration camps.

∙ Blacks and the mentally ill were sterilised so that they couldn’t reproduce or killed.

∙ Gypsies were sent to concentration camps and later (during WWII) exterminated with the Jews. – These groups were known as Utenmensch.

1933-39 – The treatment of the Jews

∙ Jews suffered badly in Nazi Germany and the longer the Nazis were in power the worse the treatment became.

∙ Key moments of persecution were

o 1933: the SA organised boycotts of Jewish shops and businesses. 14

o 1934: Jews were banned from public places such as parks and swimming pools.

o 1935: the Nuremburg Laws. This took away their German citizenship and banned them from marrying or having

sex with Germans

o 1938: Kristallnacht. This was a physical

attack on Jewish businesses, homes and

synagogues, causing colossal damage and

killing 100 people. The event was

supposed to be a spontaneous attack by

the German people after a Jew shot a

Nazi official in Paris, however it is more

likely to be a planned by the attack by

the Nazis. Many Jews were arrested and taken to concentration camps. The survivors were given a 1 billion Reichsmark bill to clear up the mess. After Kristallnacht Jewish children were also banned from German schools.

1933-9 – How the Nazis changed the Churches

∙ Hitler wanted to control the church as he wanted

the German people to be loyal to him before

anybody else including God.

∙ In 1933, Hitler signed the Concordat with the

Pope. The Nazis and the Catholic Church agreed to

keep out of each others’ affairs.

∙ In 1933 the Protestant Church was reorganised

into the National Reich Church and given new Nazi

bishops. The motto of the Reich Church was ‘the

swastika on our chests and the cross on our hearts’.

The church was Nazified – the Bible was replaced

with Mein Kampf and the cross with the swastika.

∙ In 1935 the Ministry of Churches was set up. Church schools were abolished and the Nazis aimed to influence young people by promoting the Hitler Youth rather than the Church youth clubs.

∙ There were some Protestants who opposed the Nazis. In December 1933 Pastor Martin Niemoller set up the Pastor’s Emergency League, and the following year they set up the Confessional Church, although the Nazis later banned this.

∙ Hitler broke his promise with the Catholic Church and began to close down catholic schools and youth groups. In 1937 the Pope made his famous statement ‘with Burning Anxiety’ in which he attacked the Nazi system for their abuse of human rights. As a result 400 Catholic Priests were arrested and sent to concentration camps.

∙ Hitler tried to control the church but was not able to get them rid of them completely.

15

16

Germany During the War – 1939-1947

Life in Nazi Germany during the early war years (1939-41)

∙ At first the war had very little impact on people living in Nazi Germany. The Blitzkrieg method brought lots of victories and there were no shortages for civilians (people living in Germany). In fact supplies increased; as the Nazis took over other countries supplies of raw materials and luxuries were sent back to Germany.

∙ Rationing was introduced in 1939 to control supplies, and this meant 2 out of 5 Germans followed a healthier diet than they had before the war.

∙ Although the Nazis believed that a women’s place was in the home, women were needed in industry. By 1939 6.2 million women were working, but the Nazis found many women were reluctant to join the workforce. In January 1943 the Nazis had to conscript women into the workforce.

∙ Goebbels made effective use of propaganda during the war.

Life in Nazi Germany during the latter war years (1942-45)

∙ Germany was defeated at Stalingrad in the Soviet Union and forced to retreat; this was a turning point in the war for Germany.

∙ From 1942, Germans began to experience bombing raids on their major cities, such as Dresden, from British and American bombers. Hundreds of thousands of civilians were killed. By the end of the war 3.5 million civilians had been killed. As a result there were food shortages and rationing increased.

∙ In 1943 Albert Speer became Reich Minister for Armaments and Production. He took direct control of the war economy; civilian goods stopped being produced and all factories began to produce items needed for the war effort. As a result production increased e.g. munitions output increased by 60%

between 1939 and 1944.

∙ In 1944, all workers had to go into armaments

production. Women went back to work; their children

were in day care. People had to work longer and longer

hours.

∙ In 1944 the Volkssturm (the People’s Home Guard)

was set up. This was a people’s army, made up of Hitler

Youth and men who were not fit enough for the national

army, which would defend German cities if they were

attacked by the allies. They lacked experience, were

poorly trained with few weapons and were never a

serious fighting force.

17

How were Jewish people treated during the war years?

1. Ghettos

∙ The Jews were rounded up and put

into ghettos, sections of cities

with walls built around them.

∙ They were designed as holding

camps so that the Jews could easily

be transported to their next

destination.

∙ Once inside the ghettos, Jews were

not allowed to leave and anybody

who tried to leave was shot.

∙ The conditions in the ghettos were terrible; there were serious food shortages as they had to survive on starvation rations, as well as fuel shortages and overcrowding. Thousands died from cold, hunger and disease.

∙ Around 55,000 Jews died in the Warsaw ghetto alone.

2. Einsatzgruppen

∙ As the German army invaded Russia, the

‘Jewish problem’ got worse as the Nazis now

had more Jews under their control.

∙ The Nazis organised special murder

squads known as the Einsatzgruppen. These

squads followed the advancing German

armies and rounded up all the Jews.

∙ The Jews were takes to the outskirts of

villages where they were forced to dig their own

graves before being shot.

∙ It is estimated that by 1943, 2 million Russians, mainly Jews, had been murdered in this way.

3. The Final Solution

∙ In the summer of 1941 a decision was taken by senior Nazis to seek a final solution to the Jewish problem.

∙ They were concerned as each new victory brought more and more Jews under their control and they didn’t know what to do with them. They wanted a permanent solution.

18

∙ The Nazis also needed an efficient solution, shooting all the Jews was no longer an option, as there were too many Jews and it would waste bullets in the war, and take too much time.

∙ In January 1942 the leading Nazis met at Wannsee in Berlin and worked out the details of the ‘Final Solution’. Death camps were to be built in Poland, far away from Germany.

∙ 6 death camps were built.

∙ When the Jews arrived they were split into 2 groups; those who could work and those who were to be killed immediately. The second group went straight to the gas chambers which were disguised as showers.

∙ By the time the camps were liberated at the end of the war, 6 million Jews had been worked to death, gassed or shot.

19

Opposition to the Nazis

∙ Young people opposed the Nazis:

o The Edelweiss Pirates. Working class movement who beat up the Hitler Youth. They refused to join the Hitler Youth and instead met up in mixed groups to mock the Hitler Youth. During the war they distributed leaflets dropped by the allies. The Gestapo caught a group of pirates and they were publicly hanged.

o The Swing Youth. Middle class movement who listened to jazz music and went clubbing. The Nazis were threatened by their activities so closed down the bars they were known to attend.

o The White Rose movement. This was started by students Hans and Sophie Scholl and Professor Kurt Huber at Munich University. They spread anti Nazi leaflets and urged Germans not to support WW2. Their activities were reported to the Gestapo by a janitor at the university and they were hanged.

∙ The churches opposed the Nazis:

o Protestants set up the Confessional Church which was anti-Nazi. o Protestant pastors such as Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Martin Niemoller spoke out against the Nazis. Bonhoeffer was also involved in sabotage work. o Niemoller was arrested and sent to a concentration camp but survived. o Bonhoeffer was arrested in 1942 for plotting against Hitler. He died in a concentration camp in 1945.

o Von Galen also spoke out against the Nazis; he gave a number of sermons attacking Nazi policies. He was arrested in 1944 and died in 1946.

∙ The army opposed the Nazis (July Bomb Plot):

o Army officers became more and more critical of Hitler in 1943 as the war went very badly.

o Two assassination attempts had been organised in 1943, but both had failed.

o On 20^th July 1944, Count von Stauffenberg attempted to assassinate Hitler with a bomb in a suitcase. It was called ‘Operation Valkyrie’.

o However the plot failed as somebody at the meeting

moved the briefcase so it was further away from Hitler.

o The bomb exploded killing 4 people, but Hitler survived

with minor injuries.

o Stauffenberg was arrested and his accomplice,

Beck, committed suicide.

o Hitler took revenge on all those involved in the plot, and

5,746 people were executed.

20

The defeat of the German army and the death of Hitler

∙ By the end of 1944 the German

army had been pushed back out

of the Soviet Union (Russia).

∙ During 1945 the Soviet army

continued to advance and

liberated the countries

Germany had once occupied e.g.

Hungary and Austria.

∙ The Soviet army began to attack

Berlin on 16^th April 1945 with

around 1.5 million soldiers.

∙ By April 24^th Berlin was

surrounded, and the only people

left to defend it were around 100,000 men who were members of the Volkssturm or the Hitler Youth.

∙ On the 30^th April Hitler committed suicide in his bunker, after killing his wife Eva Braun and his dog.

∙ On the 1^st May, Goebbels committed suicide with his wife after killing his children. ∙ On the 8^th May Germany surrendered.

How was Germany punished by the allies?

∙ The Yalta Conference – February 1945

o The allied leaders met to discuss what to do with Germany after the war. o They decided to divide Germany into 4 zones (US, British, French and Soviet).

o They decided to divide Berlin into 4 zones too.

o To hunt down and try Nazi war criminals in an international court of justice.

∙ The Potsdam Conference – July 1945

o The allies agreed the following;

o Divide Germany into the 4 zones as agreed

at Yalta.

o To demilitarise Germany.

o To re-establish democracy in Germany.

o To ban the Nazi party.

21

The Nuremberg Trials

∙ The allies agreed to put the leading members of the Nazi Party on trial, as war criminals.

∙ The trials were held at Nuremberg as it was a place that was strongly associated with the development of the Nazi party.

∙ The Nazis were accused of conspiring to;

o Wage war

o Commit crimes against peace

o Commit crimes against humanity

(including the newly defined crime of

genocide)

o Commit war crimes such as abuse

and murder of prisoners

∙ The trials began on 21^st November 1945 and

ended on 1^st October 1946.

∙ Almost 200 Nazis were tried at

Nuremberg; 142 were found guilty of at

least one of the charges, 4 defendants had

to be removed from the trials due to

illness and 4 more committed suicide.

Denazification

∙ Denazification was the allies’ policy of removing traces of the Nazi regime from German society, culture, press, economy, education and politics. ∙ The following measures were introduced;

o Wearing the German army uniform was banned

o 2 million Nazis were forbidden to work as

anything but manual labourers

o The Nazi Party was banned in October 1945

o Publication and dissemination of any Nazi

literature was banned. Anybody found to have

any of the 30,000 banned books was arrested

o German streets were renamed.

∙ The allies also controlled the media to make sure that only negative messages about the Nazis were presented to the public.

22