M

Key Notes on Neolithic Period and Monumental Centers

  • Spread of Neolithic Farming in Europe

    • Farmers migrated from SW Asia to Europe, introducing agriculture and domesticated animals.
    • Evidence from radiocarbon dating and genetic studies indicates complex interactions:
    • Replacement of some hunter-gatherer cultures.
    • Interbreeding with local populations in areas like Denmark.
    • Three waves of farmers identified through DNA and archaeological sites.

  • Neolithic Monuments

    • Monument construction was a significant aspect of Neolithic community life in Europe.
    • Purposes included:
    • Communal mortuaries
    • Astronomical observation
    • Prestige and social gatherings.

  • Types of Megalithic Monuments:

    • Menhirs: Standing stones, possibly with astronomical significance (e.g., Carnac, NW France).
    • Henges: Enclosures with standing stones or timber, often associated with burials.
    • Tombs: Types include dolmens, gallery graves, and passage graves.

  • Stonehenge:

    • Located in a rich archaeological landscape, aligned with astronomical events.
    • Linked to burial practices with evidence of cremations in ditches.
    • May represent a unifying monument bringing together diverse communities.
    • Bluestones sourced from Prescelly Mountains and transported to the site.

  • Durrington Walls:

    • Seasonal settlement related to Stonehenge, featuring numerous small houses for temporary inhabitants.
    • Evidence suggests seasonal feasting rather than year-round habitation.

  • Ötzi the Iceman:

    • A significant Late Neolithic find, providing insights into health, diet, and daily life.
    • His well-preserved body includes clothing, tools (like a copper axe), and dietary remnants (goat bacon).
    • Ötzi reveals details of travel and health, including tattoos possibly linked to acupuncture.