WHAP unit 7 vocab

Mexican Revolution

A major armed struggle (1910–1920) that led to the end of the dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz and the establishment of a constitutional republic in Mexico.

Porfirio Díaz

A Mexican dictator who ruled from 1876 to 1911, his authoritarian regime was marked by economic modernization but also severe repression and inequality.

Francisco Madero

A political leader who opposed Díaz's rule, initiated the Mexican Revolution in 1910, and became president in 1911 but was soon overthrown and assassinated.

Pancho Villa

A Mexican revolutionary leader in Northern Mexico who fought for land reform and the rights of the poor during the Mexican Revolution.

Emiliano Zapata

A revolutionary leader in Southern Mexico, advocated for agrarian reform and was instrumental in the fight for land redistribution.

Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)

A political party founded in 1929 that dominated Mexican politics for much of the 20th century, institutionalizing the outcomes of the Mexican Revolution.

Russo-Japanese War

A 1904–1905 conflict between Russia and Japan over imperial ambitions in East Asia, marking the first time an Asian power defeated a European power in modern history.

Bloody Sunday & Revolution of 1905 (Russia)

A massacre of peaceful protesters by Russian troops in St. Petersburg in 1905, sparking widespread unrest and demands for political reform.

Russian Revolution

A series of revolutions in 1917 that dismantled the Tsarist autocracy, leading to the rise of the Soviet Union.

Communism

A political and economic ideology advocating for classless society and collective ownership of the means of production, as theorized by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Bolsheviks

A faction of the Russian Marxist party led by Vladimir Lenin that seized power during the October Revolution of 1917.

Russian Civil War

A conflict (1917–1923) between the Red Army (Bolsheviks) and White Army (anti-Bolsheviks), resulting in Bolshevik victory and consolidation of Soviet power.

USSR (aka Soviet Union)

A socialist state established in 1922, officially known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, composed of multiple republics under centralized communist control.

Sun Yat-sen & his “Three People’s Principles”

A Chinese revolutionary leader who founded the Kuomintang (KMT); his principles advocated for nationalism, democracy, and people's livelihood.

Kuomintang (KMT)

A Chinese nationalist party founded by Sun Yat-sen, which ruled China until the communist victory in 1949.

Young Turks

A reformist and nationalist group in the Ottoman Empire that sought to modernize and centralize the state, playing a significant role in the 1908 revolution.

Turkification

A policy aimed at creating a homogenous Turkish identity within the Ottoman Empire by promoting Turkish culture and language.

Mustafa Kemal (aka Ataturk)

The founder of modern Turkey who implemented secular and nationalist reforms to transform the former Ottoman state.

I'll continue with the next set of terms in a following message to keep everything organized.

Continuing with the next set of terms:

“The Great War” & “the War to End All Wars” (aka WWI)

A global conflict (1914–1918) primarily involving European powers, triggered by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and characterized by trench warfare and massive casualties.

Militarism

The policy of building up strong armed forces to prepare for war, often linked to a nation's prestige and power.

Alliances

Agreements between nations to provide mutual support in case of conflict, a major factor leading to WWI.

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power through colonization or military force, contributing to tensions leading to WWI.

Nationalism

A strong sense of pride and loyalty to one’s nation or culture, often leading to conflicts and demands for independence.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination in 1914 sparked the outbreak of WWI.

Gavrilo Princip

A Bosnian Serb nationalist who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, triggering WWI.

The Black Hand

A Serbian nationalist secret society implicated in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Central Powers (formerly the Triple Alliance)

A WWI coalition led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire.

Allied Powers (formerly the Triple Entente)

A WWI coalition including France, Britain, Russia, and later the United States and others.

Total War

A war strategy that mobilizes all of a nation's resources, including civilians, for the war effort.

Conscription (aka “the draft”)

Mandatory enlistment in the military, widely used during WWI.

Propaganda

Information used to influence public opinion and maintain support for the war effort.

Trench Warfare

A form of warfare characterized by opposing troops fighting from trenches, leading to stalemates.

Stalemate

A situation where neither side can make significant gains, common in trench warfare during WWI.

Poison Gas

A chemical weapon first used during WWI, causing severe injuries and fatalities.

U-boats & “unrestricted submarine warfare”

German submarines used in WWI to attack Allied and neutral ships without warning.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship sunk by a German U-boat in 1915, contributing to U.S. entry into WWI.

Zimmermann Telegram

A secret German proposal to Mexico to join the war against the U.S., intercepted by the British in 1917.

Gallipoli Campaign & ANZAC

A failed Allied military campaign in 1915–1916 against the Ottoman Empire, involving Australian and New Zealand forces (ANZAC).

Armistice Day

November 11, 1918, marking the end of WWI hostilities.

Paris Peace Conference

The 1919 meeting of Allied leaders to set peace terms for the defeated Central Powers.

Treaty of Versailles

The 1919 treaty that officially ended WWI, imposing harsh reparations on Germany.

“The Big Four”

The key leaders at the Paris Peace Conference:

• Woodrow Wilson (U.S.)

• David Lloyd George (Britain)

• Georges Clemenceau (France)

• Vittorio Orlando (Italy)

Reparations

Compensation demanded from Germany by the Allies for war damages after WWI.

Hyperinflation

An extreme and rapid increase in prices, experienced by Germany in the early 1920s due to reparations.

War Guilt Clause

Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles, blaming Germany for WWI and justifying reparations.

Weimar Republic

The democratic government established in Germany after WWI, lasting until 1933.

Fourteen Points

U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's plan for a just peace, emphasizing self-determination and the League of Nations.

Self-determination

The right of people to choose their own form of government, promoted by Wilson's Fourteen Points.

League of Nations

An international organization established after WWI to maintain peace, a precursor to the United Nations.

Mandate System

A system established by the League of Nations to administer former Ottoman and German territories after WWI.

Decolonization

The process of colonies gaining independence from imperial powers, accelerated after WWI.

Balfour Declaration

A 1917 British statement supporting the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Zionism

A movement advocating for the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine.

Pan-Arabism

A movement advocating for the political unity of Arab countries based on shared culture and history.

Massacre at Amritsar

A 1919 incident in British India where troops fired on unarmed protesters, intensifying the Indian independence movement.

Indian National Congress

A political party founded in 1885 to advocate for Indian self-rule, playing a key role in the independence movement.

Gandhi

An Indian leader who used nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience to campaign for independence from British rule.

Civil Disobedience

The refusal to obey unjust laws as a form of peaceful protest, promoted by Gandhi.

Homespun Movement & Salt March

Boycotts of British goods led by Gandhi to promote self-sufficiency and protest colonial policies.

March First Movement (Korea)

A 1919 Korean nationalist uprising against Japanese rule, marked by widespread protests.

May Fourth Movement (China)

A 1919 nationalist and anti-imperialist movement sparked by dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Versailles.

Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

A political party founded in 1921 advocating for a communist state, eventually led by Mao Zedong.

Mao Zedong (Communist)

The leader of the CCP who established the People's Republic of China in 1949.

Mao’s Long March

A 1934–1935 retreat by the CCP to evade the Kuomintang, strengthening Mao's leadership.

Chiang Kai-shek (Nationalist/KMT)

Leader of the Kuomintang who fought against the CCP before retreating to Taiwan in 1949.

Manchukuo

A puppet state established by Japan in Manchuria in 1932 following its invasion.

Spanish Civil War (& Francisco Franco)

A conflict (1936–1939) between Republicans and Nationalists led by Franco, resulting in a fascist dictatorship.

Great Depression

A global economic crisis beginning in 1929, marked by widespread unemployment and poverty.

Keynesian Economics

An economic theory advocating for government intervention to manage economic cycles.

Deficit Spending

The practice of a government spending more than it earns in revenue to stimulate economic growth.

New Deal

A series of programs implemented by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to address the Great Depression.

Lenin

Leader of the Bolsheviks who led the Russian Revolution and established a communist state.

New Economic Plan

Lenin's 1921 policy allowing limited private enterprise to revive the Soviet economy.

Politburo

The principal policymaking committee of the Communist Party in the Soviet Union.

Stalin

Successor to Lenin who led the Soviet Union through industrialization and authoritarian rule.

Five Year Plan

Stalin's economic policies to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly through centralized planning.

Collectivization

The consolidation of private farms into state-run enterprises in the Soviet Union under Stalin.

Fascism

A far-right authoritarian ideology emphasizing nationalism, militarism, and dictatorial power.

Fascist Corporatist Economy

An economic system where industries are organized into corporatist bodies representing workers and employers under state control.

Totalitarianism

A system of government with absolute control over all aspects of public and private life.

Nazis

A German fascist party led by Adolf Hitler, promoting Aryan supremacy and anti-Semitism.

Scientific Racism

The pseudoscientific belief in the superiority of certain races, used to justify imperialism and genocide.

Anti-Semitism

Hostility, prejudice, or discrimination against Jewish people.

“Aryan”

A term misused by Nazis to describe a supposed master race of non-Jewish Caucasians, particularly of Nordic descent.

The Third Reich

The Nazi regime in Germany from 1933 to 1945.

Hitler

Leader of the Nazi Party who established a totalitarian dictatorship in Germany and initiated WWII.

Rhineland

A demilitarized region of Germany reoccupied by Hitler in 1936 in violation of the Treaty of Versailles.

Anschluss

The annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany in 1938.

Sudetenland

A region of Czechoslovakia with a significant German-speaking population annexed by Nazi Germany.

Appeasement Policy

A policy of making concessions to dictatorial powers to avoid conflict, associated with Neville Chamberlain’s dealings with Hitler.

Neville Chamberlain & the Munich Agreement

British Prime Minister who signed the 1938 agreement allowing Germany to annex Sudetenland to avoid war.

German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact

A 1939 agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union promising no mutual aggression and secretly dividing Eastern Europe.

Nuremberg Laws

Racist laws implemented in Nazi Germany to discriminate against Jews, revoking their citizenship and rights.

Kristallnacht

A 1938 pogrom against Jews in Nazi Germany, marked by the destruction of Jewish businesses and synagogues.

Ghettos

Restricted urban areas where Jewish populations were forcibly confined by the Nazis.

Concentration Camps & Later Death Camps

Detention facilities established by Nazi Germany for forced labor, mass detention, and systematic extermination of Jews and others.

Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy who ruled from 1922 to 1943, leading the country during WWII.

Axis Powers

The WWII alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan.

Allied Powers

The coalition opposing the Axis, including the U.S., Britain, the Soviet Union, and others.

Luftwaffe

The German Air Force during WWII, known for its role in the Battle of Britain and other campaigns.

Blitzkrieg

A German military tactic of rapid, concentrated attacks to quickly overwhelm enemies, known as “lightning war.”

Hypernationalism

An extreme form of nationalism marked by the belief in national superiority and a readiness for conflict.

Vichy France

A puppet government established in southern France following the Nazi occupation in 1940.

Winston Churchill

British Prime Minister during WWII, known for his leadership and defiance against Nazi Germany.

Lend-Lease Act

A 1941 U.S. policy providing military aid to Allied nations during WWII without immediate payment.

Significant WWII Battles:

• Battle of Britain: An air campaign by the German Luftwaffe against the United Kingdom in 1940, repelled by the Royal Air Force.

• Battle of El-Alamein: A 1942 battle in North Africa where Allied forces stopped the advance of Axis troops.

• Battle of Stalingrad: A brutal battle between German and Soviet forces (1942–1943), marking a turning point on the Eastern Front.

• Battle of the Coral Sea: A 1942 naval battle that stopped Japanese expansion in the Pacific.

• Battle of Midway: A 1942 naval battle where U.S. forces decisively defeated the Japanese fleet.

• Guadalcanal: A 1942–1943 campaign in the Pacific, marking the first major Allied offensive against Japan.

• D-Day: The Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied France on June 6, 1944, marking a significant turning point in Western Europe.

• Battle of the Bulge: The last major German offensive on the Western Front in 1944–1945.

• Battle of Kursk: The largest tank battle of WWII, a decisive Soviet victory in 1943.

Douglas MacArthur

U.S. General who commanded Allied forces in the Pacific during WWII.

Island Hopping

A U.S. military strategy in the Pacific to capture key islands while bypassing others to reach Japan.

Aircraft Carriers

Naval ships that serve as airbases, playing a crucial role in Pacific battles during WWII.

Homefront

The civilian effort to support the war through production, rationing, and workforce changes.

Firebombing

Aerial bombardment using incendiary bombs, notably in Tokyo and Dresden during WWII.

V-E Day

Victory in Europe Day on May 8, 1945, marking the surrender of Nazi Germany.

V-J Day

Victory over Japan Day on August 15, 1945, following Japan’s surrender.

Atomic Bomb

A powerful weapon used by the U.S. to force Japan's surrender, dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.

Hiroshima & Nagasaki

Japanese cities destroyed by atomic bombs, leading to the end of WWII in the Pacific.

1918 Flu Pandemic

A deadly influenza outbreak that killed millions worldwide during the final year of WWI.

Genocide

The systematic extermination of a particular group based on ethnicity, religion, or nationality.

Armenian Genocide

The mass killing of Armenians by the Ottoman Empire during WWI.

“Final Solution”

Nazi Germany’s plan for the systematic extermination of the Jewish population.

Holocaust

The genocide of six million Jews and millions of others by Nazi Germany during WWII.

Holodomor

A man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine (1932–1933) under Stalin, causing millions of deaths.

Bosnian Ethnic Cleansing

The systematic removal of ethnic minorities during the Bosnian War in the 1990s.

Rwandan Genocide

The 1994 mass killing of Tutsis by Hutus in Rwanda, resulting in over 800,000 deaths.

Darfur

A region in Sudan that experienced genocide in the early 2000s due to ethnic conflict.