APUSH Period 4 Review

I used Heimler’s History videos for these notes so feel free to follow along as you watch the video! If you find this helpful, I have notes for some other units on APUSH so go check those out as well :)

• Timer Period: 1800-1848

• Concepts

• Expanding role of the US in world affairs

• Transformation of the society and the economy in the early years of the republic

• How Americans came to terms with all the growing democratic impulses going on

  
  

• Debates between democratic republicans and federalists 

• On American relations with foreign powers 

• The scope of federal power at home

• Ex: Troubles with Barbary PIrates

  • Barbary pirates attacked US merchant ships

• Democratic Republicans wanted restriction of federal power

  • Strict constructionist view of the Constitution. Believed that the federal government can do only what was explicitly written in the constitution 

• Federalists wanted expansion of federal power 

  • Loose constructionist view of the Constitution. Believed that the federal government had flexibility with the written word of the constitution, therefore they could do a lot more that wasn’t explicitly written in the constitution 

• Louisiana Purchase

  • Thomas Jefferson ordered James Monroe to negotiate with Napoleon in gaining the Louisiana territory and Napoleon put up this bomb deal that would give US all of Louisiana for 15 million dollars, and since James couldn’t call TJ up, he went ahead and bought the land. When he returned home, it put TJ in a crisis because he was a strict constructionist (DR), and there’s nothing in the constitution that allows the president to buy land like that 

  • He justified the purchase by saying that by owning the new land, Indians could be removed further westward, and remove european influence in the region and open up trading opportunities. Also further his dream of an agrarian society filled with yeoman farmers, rather than trade and manufacturing nation that federalists wanted. 

  • Jefferson violated strict constructionist views, and acted like a loose constructionist

  • Further expansion of federal pwoers

• Louis & Clark expedition

  • Led to more accurate mapping of the territory, greater geographic and scientific knowledge of the region and furthered diplomatic relations with the Indians there. 

• John Marshall supreme court decision 

  • Marbury v. Madison (1803) 

    • Before Jefferson’s election, the federalist dominated congress passed the Judiciary Act, creating 16 new spots for federal judges 

    • John Adams, before leaving his office appointed federalist judges to fill all those spots gained by the Act, & one of those appointments was to go to a judge named William Marbury. (a way to ensure continued federalist influence) 

    • TJ wasn’t happy about this and his secretary of state James Madison refused to deliver some of those appointments (ooooo scandalous) 

    • So, their beef ended up in the supreme court 

    • Andddd the court decided that under the Judiciary Act, Marbury did deserve his commision 

    • In this decision, the court also proclaimed itself to be the final intrepreter of the constitution and that the Judiciary act itself was unconstitutional (Judicial review), therefore, Marbury would not receive his commission 

    • This case had the result of increasing the power of the supreme court, this growth of power continued in another case called… 

    • Mcculloch v. Maryland (1819) as a result, the supreme court decided that federal law beats state law. 

    • Federal Power is increasing! But sometimes, regional interests took precedence over national concerns 

•  War of 1812 

  • Cause: 

    • okay so France and Britain were at war, and the US wanted to remain neutral, especially at seas, but they kept seizing American merchant ships and being annoying. 

    • Also Americans moving westward were having Indian problems and they became convinced that the Brits were stirring up this resistance by Indians 

    • British Impressment: Brit ships were forcibly capturing US people and making them serve in the royal navy. Even after American Independence they were still doing it 😡

    • So, as a result of all this, the US declared war on Britain in June of 1812.

• Support and resistance to the war fell right along party lines

  • Democratic-republicans were very much for it

  • Federalists wer very much against it

    • Met together at the Hartford Convention (1814)

      • Discussed how to end the war.

      • Argued that as a result of all this, New England should seceded from the union

      •  

      • America won that war 😀

      • -  Consequences/Effects:

• Consequences

  • Created intense Nationalism in America. The second war that they had war against Brits!!! (they just didn’t lose)

  • End of the Federalist Party. Because everyone was so rejoicing over the victory, it seemed like the federalists were so out of touch with America

  • Beginning of the Era of Good Feelings with the supposed national unity under the democratic-republican party (debates still raged on) 

  • Even though the US won the war, it showed us our weaknesses

    • Absence of National Bank, it was difficult to raise funds without a reliable source of credit 

    • Absence of infrastructure & transportation, finding it difficult to move men and supplies for the war effort 

    • Remedy for these problems: Henry Clay’s American System

      • Federaly funded internal improvements (roads & canals) Benefit merchants and farmers (vetoed by president madison because he thought it’d increase federal power) 

      • Implementation of protective tariffs (taxes on imported goods). Makes people want to buy cheaper goods produced in America.  Benefit US manufacturers

      • Re-establish Bank of the US 

      • This is an example of regional interests beating national interests 

• Regional tensions were further exacerbated by continued westward expansion 

  • Ex: Missouri applying for statehood in 1819 

    • Settlers had already brought thousands of enslaved people into the territory, so it was assumed that Missouri would enter as a slave state

    • Talmadge Amendment: prohibited slavery in Missouri 

    • So this caused a storm in the senate. During this time the biggest concern was to keep the balance in the senate between slave states and free states. If Missouri entered as a free state, that’d mean that there would be more free than slave states. 

    • Basically the Talmadge Amendment threatened to break up the union. (even the word civil war started popping out 😣

    • Henry Clay proposed the Compromise of 1820 AKA Missouri Compromise: they’d bring in Missouri as a slave state and then bring in Maine as a free state (balance would be preserved). This also established the 30 60 line, to be the line separating slave territory from free territory. (below, slavery would be allowed, above not allowed-except Missouri) 

• On the world stage, our goal was to firm up our boundaries and to gain more territory 

  • President Monroe sent John Q Adams and established the Northern Canadian border

  • Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) , Spain sold Florida to the US and established the location of the southern border 

  • Monroe Doctrine (1823) established the western hemisphere as a U.S. sphere of influence, to be free of European influence. Under the Monroe Doctrine, the US is like a dog peeing all over the western hemisphere (marking territory). 

• What’s going on at home in terms of society & economy? 

  • Market Revolution: The linking of northern industries with western and southern farms which was created by advances in agriculture, industry, communication, and transportation. 

  • New Technology gave the market revolution a super booster 

    • Cotton Gin and Spinning Machine revolutionized southern agriculture and northern industry 

      • Cotton Gin significincantly sped up the process of separating seeds from cotton fibers

      • Spinning machine sped up the process of spinning cotton into yarn 

    • Interchangeable parts machines used to produce the various parts of a product, which was then assembled all together. This new process of production became the basis of the American system of manufacturing. 

      • Water powered machines

      • Division of labor into small repeatable tasks performed by unskilled laborers. Mass production 

    • Steam Boats

      • Transformed trade 

      • Allowed trading vessels to travel up and down the river

    • Canals 

      • Erie Canal: stretched across NY. 

      • The benefits of erie canal was huge, and launched a campaign for even more canals. 

    • Railroads

      • Replaced canals starting 1820s-1830s as the transportation for trades

      • Funded by local and state governments. Granted special loans and tax breaks to railroad companies 

    • Effects: American industry became more interconnected and interdependent & promoted the growth of western agriculture

  • On societal terms, 

    • All across the North industrial cities exploded in both population and diversity 

      • From 1820-1840, about 2 million immigrants pulled up to America, mainly from Germany and Ireland.

        • Many settled on eastern seaboard and provided lots of cheap labor which further fueled Northern Industry

        • Others settled on the west and established homesteads and farms on the frontier 

        • Those living in the northern industrial cities formed a large class of the laboring poor and lived in crowded living conditions in buildings called tenements (conditions in these tenements were wack) 

        • Some were able to re-establish their cultural institutions: Jewish Immigrants established synagogues, Irish catholics led to the expansion of the catholic church 

    • Growing middle class

      • Emerged in the north, including businessmen, shopkeepers, journalists, doctors, and lawyers.

      • Growing income=leisure activities spent on plays, circuses, and sporting events 

    • Women 😆

      • During this period, women were expected to conform to a developing societal norm known as the cult of domesticity. 

        • The idea that a woman’s identity and purpose revolved around childbearing and making her home good for her hubby

      • And husbands were expected to go outside and work

      • Idea of separate spheres for the sexes began to really take hold in American society (upper & middle class phenomenon) 

• Expansion of Democracy

  • Only property-owning white males could vote during this time (voting was the perks of the elite) 

    • As the century progressed working men, small farmers, and frontier settlers all started demanding the right to vote (franchise) 

    • Panic of 1819 

      • Causes: Irresponsible banking practices, decreased demand for exports

      • Effects: Working men demand the franchise (representation). They were hit hardest by this panic, and wanted to hold politicians accountable for their failures to regulate the banks 

    • Expansion of voting rights led to the growth and realignment of political parties

      • The Election of 1824 led to a split in the Democratic-Republican party 

        • National Republicans : expansive view of federal power, loose constructionists (old federalists view)

          • John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay

        • Democrats: restrictive view of federal power, strict constructionists 

          • Andrew Jackson 

        • John Quincy Adams, nominated by the House of Representatives appointed Henry Clay as his secretary of state, namely the corrupt bargain (called by Jackson’s supporters) 

      • Election of 1828: Jackson won against JQA with his campaigning

    • Andrew Jackson-Democrats

    • Henry Clay-Whigs 

      • These two parties disagreed on the scope of federal power

      • Tariff of 1828/Tariff of abominations: passed during Adams administrations and raised import duties up to 50%

        • Northern manufacturers & western farmers loved it because it protected their industries

        • Southerners hated it because they relied on imported goods 

      • In 1832, under the Jackson administration, congress reaffirmed that tariff

        • John C Calhoun, who shared the southern hatred of the tariff developed a document of nullification

          • The action of a state impeding or attempting to prevent the operation and enforcement within its territory of a law of the federal government 

          • South Carolina would not pay those taxes, and if federal authorities came to collect those taxes, South Carolina would secede from the Union (sectional tensions!) 

      • Force bill gave Jackson the authority to use federal troops to enforce federal law in south carolina (South carolina nullified it, although Jackson made a way to keep S.C. in the union by lowering tariffs) 

      • Jackson’s veto of the second bank of the US

        • Established as a part of the American system, sustained US economy in 1820s, but as state banks shut down because they couldn’t pay their payments to the national bank, many were left with worthless paper money

        • He thought the national bank favored elites, and Jackson, as a person of the common men, vetoed the bill for the establishment of the second bank, seeing it as a danger to the common people. So the national bank was dead 

      • Jackson’s Indian Removal Act (1830)

        • Cherokee nation had declared itself a soveriegn nation within the borders of the states, however Georgians didn’t see it that way, Cherokees were more like guests on their land. When they found out gold was on that land, they made them leave. 

        • Upon the Indian Removal Act, the Indians refused to leave and be resettled across the Mississippi river & challenged that law in a supreme court case called Worcester v. Georgia 

          • Ruled that the Cherokee Nation was a sovereign and Georgia did not have the right to impose state laws within their boundaries 

        • In 1835, US officials persuaded a small delegation of the Cherokee to sign a treaty-Treaty of New Echota

          • Exchanged Cherokee land in Georgia for a reservation in territory west of the Mississipi River

          • For all who didn’t relocate voluntarily, the forced removal began in 1838 AKA Trail of Tears

• American culture & reform 

  • Americans developed their own distinct identity through language, philisophy, art, religion

  • Noah Webster’s American Dictionary of the English Language 

    • Standardized the spelling and pronunciation of American English, used in schools & academies

  • American philosophy: Transindentalism

    • Inspired by European romanticism and its belief on human perfectability (romanticism, unlike enlightenment, emphasized human passion rather than rational thinking) 

    • Transindentalism emphasized the transcendent power and beauty of nature

    • Ralph Waldo Emerson: believed that moral perfection could be achieved in the US 

    • Henry David Thoreau: moved to a cabin near walden pond and lived among nature for a year and made an experiment of human perfection, written in his book Walden. 

    • Most of these transindentalists supported abolition, temperance, and women’s suffrage. (there’s lots of overlap in these reform movements) 

    • Influenced art. 

      • Hudson River School: painted romanticized landscapes in new york and western territories

    • All of these were an effort towards Spiritual renewal in America 

  • Some took these desires for spiritual renewal even further and created

 Utopian Communities

• Very influenced by European intellectuals and American values of democracy and equality 

• Oneida Community (1848) 

  • Group of christians that became convinced that the second coming of Christ has already occurred, therefore they must shake off restraints of the kingdom of this world and live communally and in perfect equality. 

  • Complex Marriage: everyone in the community belonged to everyone else 

• Second Great Awakening

  • Baptists, methodists, and presbyterians organized camp meetings in the woods that people attended for days, each day would feature up to a dozen evangelical preachers who preached all day long.

  • In general, these camp meetings were relatively egalitarian, they included whites, blacks enslaved and free people, men and women. 

  • However, the southern baptists, split from their denomination because of the northern baptist abolitionists 

  • This movement spread to the cities by preacher Charles G. Finney

    • He was a NY preacher who spoke powerfully in a dialect and with images that common folks could understand. 

    • His ministries of preaching spread across the cities of the north & the flames were lit for christian revival. 

    • Unlike the first great awakening, the preachers focused intensley on personal moral reformation, and the moral reformation of society. 

    • These messages set the stage for the Temperance movement, which crusaded against the consumption of alcohol

    • They also set the stage for innovations on the Christian faith

• Temperance

  • American Temperance Society: founded by businessmen and clergy, efforts were directed towards working-class men who abused alcohol 

  • The religious revivals happening led to the establishment of 5,000+ chapters of the ATS across the country. Their goal was complete abstinence of alcohol. 

  • Innovations on Christian Faith

    • Mormonism/Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (1840s) 

    • Found by Joseph Smith, who claimed to receive visions from God at 18. The main idea was that all churches in America had strayed away from the true teachings of the original apostolic church. He was lynched after teaching polygamy 

• Abolitionism

  • In 1820s, the abolitionist movement was mainly to free blacks and quakers 

  • Abolitionist movement began to fire up 🎉

  • Cause: publication of 1831 William Lloyd Garrison’s newspaper The Liberator 

    • In this, he argued that white people needed to take a stand against slavery by means of moral persuasion and not violence

  • The effects of the Liberator created American Anti-slavery Society, which spread rapidly across the northern states. 

    • However, not everyone in the north were abolitionists. Manufacturers & merchants feared abolition because of its potential effects on the cotton and sugar trade. 

    • White working men in the north felt threatened by the prospect of abolition because that meant their jobs could be in danger

    • Many women supported abolition, but they found that their position in society made it impossible for them to advocate for the cause. So they concluded that in order to advocate for abolitionism, they needed more rights themselves. 

    • So, the cause of abolitionism and women’s rights began to grow up together out of the same foundation. 

    • In 1848, women gathered for the Seneca Falls Convention in NY. 

      • The first women’s rights conference in America. 

      • Drafted the Declaration of Sentiments, which called for women’s equality in education, legal rights, and voting. 

• Society in the South 

  • Beginning in the 1830s, plantations began to expand along with westward expansion, bringing plantation owners vast wealth, creating a wealthy plantation aristocracy, which sought to protect their profits and way of life through hard discipline towards slaves. 

  • Even in harsh conditions, enslaved Africans found ways to keep their own sense of community alive. 

    • Songs: sang songs that created a rhythm for their work and expressed their collective despair and hopes. 

  • Planters went to great lengths to control their black laborers, because they were haunted by the possibiltiy of slave uprisings. (Haitian revolution)

    • 1931, their fears became reality in Nat Turner’s Rebellion

      • A black laborer named Nat Turner organized a slave revolt in Virginia, believing that God had given him a mission to do so. 

      • He & his followers killed 50+ white people. They were hanged publically, and the event increased the fear among southerners of more slave rebellions, and imposed even harsher disciplines and restrictions on slaves 

      • Most white southerners didn’t own any slaves at all. They were Yeoman farmers- independent land owners. They still believed in the institution of slavery and the racial hierarchy that made the southern society work. 

  • As the soil in the south began dying away and wasn’t suited for agriculture, farmers moved more and more westward, also spreading slavery more and more westward. (root of civil war!)