4.2_Politics and War in the Roman Republic

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• Title: Politics and War in the Roman Republic

• Instructor: Dr. Linda Gosner

• Course: CLAS 3330.001, Texas Tech University

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• Agenda:

  • Review and Reminders

  • Roman War and Imperialism in the Republic

  • Wars in Italy

  • Wars against Greeks

  • Wars against Carthage

  • Conclusions

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• Reflection Paper 1 Checklist:

  • Basic Requirements:

    • Name, date, word count, prompt #1 or #2

  • Bibliography and citations:

    • Correct format, citations/footnotes

  • Content Evaluation:

    • Well-described object (Question 1)

    • Well-interpreted object, including art historical comparisons and Livy's foundation stories (Question 2)

    • Cultural context analysis, specific findspot, cultural significance in 1st c. BCE (Question 3)

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• Citations:

  • Follow Chicago Author-Date format (see www.chicagomanualofstyle.org) for consistency.

  • In-text citations example: (Author YEAR, page number)

    • e.g., (Fullerton 2019, 15)

  • Ancient texts formatting: use (Livy 1.3.2) = (Book.Chapter.Line)

  • Bibliography format:

    • Sources in alphabetical order by author.

    • Example: Beard, Mary. 2016. SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome. London: Liverwright.

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• Historical Event:

  • Numitor's Declaration

    • Enemy invasion prompts Numitor to organize defenses.

    • Brothers Romulus and Remus celebrate their grandfather's kingship after their attack on the king.

    • Desire to found a new city—various factors led to this aspiration.

    • Decision by augury about the new city’s name and governance.

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• Citations Continued:

  • Livy’s account of Romulus and Remus wanting to found a city in their childhood area (Livy 1.6.3).

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• Citations from Mary Beard:

  • Livy's narrative on the forced capture of Sabine women as necessary (Beard 2016, 62).

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• Questions for Consideration:

  • Timeframe of the Roman Republic?

  • Advantages of consul rule over kings?

  • Purpose and aspects of the Roman triumph, including visual elements of the triumphal route?

  • Examples of Greek art and architecture influences in Rome and their significance.

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• Map:

  • Key locations: Largo Argentina, Portico of Metellus, various forums in Rome.

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• Roman Triumph:

  • Celebratory ceremonies post-battle.

  • Triumphal Route:

    • Key locations traveled: Campus Martius to Circus Maximus.

    • Construction of temples and public buildings funded by war spoils.

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• Hellenistic city of Pergamon:

  • Located in modern-day Turkey.

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• Architectural Elements:

  • Plans and reconstructions of the Tholos of Epidaurus and Philippeion.

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• Temple of Hercules Victor:

  • Rebuilt by Lucius Mummius after the triumph over Corinth (146 BCE).

  • Unique elements: circular tholos shape, Corinthian columns, imported Pentelic marble.

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• Largo Argentina:

  • Multiple temples built from the 3rd to 1st century BCE, showcasing various stylistic elements (e.g., Tuscan-style, single-cella designs).

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• (Repeated content from Page 2)

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• Types of Interaction and Exchange:

  • Violent: Wars, enslavement.

  • Economic: Trade and urbanization.

  • Cultural: Exchange of ideas, technology, and incorporation of diverse influences in Roman identity.

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• Imperialism Defined:

  • Motivated expansion and domination practices.

  • Colonization refers to imposing political control.

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• Roman Expansion:

  • Not systematic annexation; relied on existing local governments.

  • Focus on changing relationships with conquered people.

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• Impact of Military Campaigning:

  • Increased military significance in Roman life.

  • Casualties, enslavement, and military glory impacting Roman society.

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• Roman Legion Overview:

  • Structure: infantry and cavalry composition across Republican and Imperial periods.

  • Equipment responsibilities and leadership hierarchy (Consuls and Centurions).

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• Polybius:

  • Greek historian taken to Rome post-defeat of King Perseus.

  • Wrote Histories documenting Roman actions and character from 220-167 BCE.

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• Polybius' Contributions:

  • Analysis of Roman imperialism and firsthand accounts of events and perspectives.

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• (Repeated content from Page 26)

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• Wars in Italy Overview:

  • By 290s BCE, Rome controlled half of Italy.

  • Notable conflicts include:

    • Destruction of Veii (396 BCE)

    • Latin Wars

    • Samnite Wars

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• Veii Conquest:

  • Close Etruscan rival conquered by Rome (396 BCE).

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• Sack of Rome (390 BCE):

  • Gauls attack; heroism of Camillus noted.

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• Map of Celtic Expansion and Roman Territories:

  • Various groupings and expansion timelines related to Celts and Romans.

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• Latin Wars:

  • Key conflicts and their outcome of granting citizenship to Latin town men.

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• Samnite Wars:

  • Major battles leading to territorial control in Italy and heavy casualties on both sides.

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• Fresco Fragment (3rd century BCE):

  • Battle scene potentially depicting the Samnite Wars.

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• (Repeated content from Page 35)

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• Alexander the Great:

  • Conqueror of Persian Empire; led to Hellenistic kings and subsequent divisions of his empire.

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• Map of Alexander the Great’s Empire:

  • Illustrates expanse from the Mediterranean to India.

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• Wars in Greece:

  • Rome's strategic involvement in regional conflicts leading to increased influence.

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• War in Macedonia:

  • Key battle and resulting dominion over Macedonia.

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• Roman Frieze from Delphi:

  • Depicts Roman historical themes, blending various artistic elements.

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• Destruction of Corinth (146 BCE):

  • Overview of events surrounding the sacking of Corinth by Lucius Mummius.

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• (Repeated information about the Temple of Hercules Victor).

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• (Repeated content from Page 44)

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• Punic Wars Overview:

  • Series of conflicts between Rome and Carthage culminating in Rome’s dominance.

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• First Punic War (264-241 BCE):

  • Duration and outcomes, specifically over control of Sicily.

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• Naval Battle of Egadi Islands (241 BCE):

  • Key locations and shifts in naval battles during the First Punic War.

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• Second Punic War (218-201 BCE):

  • Hannibal's crossing and ensuing conflicts with significant casualties on both sides.

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• Battle of Cannae (216 BCE):

  • Significant Roman loss and strategic changes thereafter.

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• Third Punic War (148-146 BCE):

  • Background, instigation, and conclusion of the war leading to total destruction of Carthage.

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• Destruction of Carthage (146 BCE):

  • Detailed account of military tactics and implications of the complete siege.

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• Map of Roman World (Augustan Era):

  • Visual representation of Roman expansion and territories by the end of Augustus's reign.

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• Cultural impacts of Roman Expansion:

  • Migration patterns, diversity, and debates over cultural integrity within Rome.

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• Reminders for Next Class:

  • Assigned reading from Fullerton.

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• Roman Sculpture:

  • Description of the Ludovisi Gaul artwork depicting themes of strength and sacrifice.