Apush Chatgpt flashcards

Period Start/End Year Significance

• Period 1: 1491–1607
  1491: Pre-Columbian societies thrive.
  1607: Jamestown founded, beginning permanent English colonization.

• Period 2: 1607–1754
  1607: Jamestown settlement begins colonial development.
  1754: Start of the French and Indian War.

• Period 3: 1754–1800
  1754: Colonial rivalry and British tensions begin.
  1800: Jefferson’s election signals peaceful transfer of power.

• Period 4: 1800–1848
  1800: Republicanism rises under Jefferson.
  1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends Mexican-American War.

• Period 5: 1844–1877
  1844: U.S. debates expansion and slavery intensify.
  1877: Compromise ends Reconstruction.

• Period 6: 1865–1898
  1865: Civil War ends, Reconstruction begins.
  1898: Spanish-American War marks U.S. emergence as a global power.

• Period 7: 1890–1945
  1890: Progressive reforms and industrial challenges grow.
  1945: WWII ends; U.S. becomes world superpower.

• Period 8: 1945–1980
  1945: Cold War begins post-WWII.
  1980: Reagan elected, marking a conservative shift.

• Period 9: 1980–Present
  1980: Reaganomics and New Right politics rise.
  Present: Globalization and social conflict shape modern U.S.

Key People

• Bartolomé de Las Casas
  Spanish priest who criticized the mistreatment of Native Americans under Spanish rule.

• John Winthrop
  Puritan leader who founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony; famous for calling it a “city upon a hill.”

• Benjamin Franklin
  Enlightenment thinker, inventor, and diplomat who helped secure French support during the American Revolution.

• Alexander Hamilton
  First Secretary of the Treasury; advocated for a strong central government and the national bank.

• Thomas Jefferson
  Author of the Declaration of Independence; third president; promoted agrarian democracy.

• Andrew Jackson
  7th president; expanded suffrage to white men, opposed the national bank, and enforced the Indian Removal Act.

• Frederick Douglass
  Former enslaved man and leading abolitionist known for his speeches and autobiography.

• Abraham Lincoln
  16th president; led the Union during the Civil War and issued the Emancipation Proclamation.

• Ulysses S. Grant
  Union general who led the North to victory; served as president during Reconstruction.

• Andrew Carnegie
  Industrialist who led the steel industry and promoted the “Gospel of Wealth” philosophy.

• Theodore Roosevelt
  Progressive president who supported trust-busting, conservation, and the Square Deal.

• Woodrow Wilson
  President during WWI; proposed the League of Nations in his Fourteen Points.

• Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR)
  President during the Great Depression and WWII; implemented the New Deal.

• Martin Luther King Jr.
  Civil rights leader who advocated nonviolent protest; led the March on Washington and “I Have a Dream” speech.

• Ronald Reagan
  Conservative president who promoted tax cuts, deregulation, and a strong anti-communist foreign policy.

Key Documents

• Mayflower Compact
  1620 agreement by Pilgrims to form a self-governing colony based on majority rule.

• Declaration of Independence (1776)
  Formal statement written by Jefferson declaring the colonies’ independence from Britain.

• U.S. Constitution (1787)
  Framework for the U.S. government establishing checks and balances, federalism, and separation of powers.

• Monroe Doctrine (1823)
  U.S. policy opposing European colonization in the Americas and asserting U.S. influence in the Western Hemisphere.

• Emancipation Proclamation (1863)
  Issued by Lincoln; declared all slaves in Confederate territory free.

• 14th Amendment (1868)
  Granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to all people born or naturalized in the U.S.

• Roosevelt Corollary (1904)
  Extension of the Monroe Doctrine claiming the U.S. could intervene in Latin America to maintain stability.

• Social Security Act (1935)
  New Deal law creating pensions for the elderly and unemployment insurance.

• Civil Rights Act of 1964
  Banned segregation and discrimination in public accommodations and employment.

• PATRIOT Act (2001)
  Law passed after 9/11 expanding surveillance powers to fight terrorism.

Key Terms

• Mercantilism
  Economic system where colonies provide raw materials to the mother country for manufacturing and profit.

• Enlightenment
  18th-century intellectual movement emphasizing reason, science, and individual rights.

• Manifest Destiny
  Belief that Americans were destined to expand westward across the continent.

• Popular Sovereignty
  Idea that people in a territory should vote to decide if slavery would be allowed.

• Sharecropping
  Post-Civil War system where landowners allowed tenants to farm land in exchange for a share of the crop, often leading to debt.

• Progressive Era
  Early 20th-century reform movement addressing issues like labor rights, women’s suffrage, and government corruption.

• Containment
  Cold War strategy to prevent the spread of communism through alliances and support of anti-communist regimes.

• Great Society
  LBJ’s domestic agenda to end poverty and racial injustice; expanded education, health care, and welfare.

• Détente
  Policy of easing Cold War tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union during the 1970s.

• Globalization
  The process of increased interconnectedness and interdependence among countries economically, politically, and culturally.

• Pequot War (1636–1638)
  Conflict between New England colonists and the Pequot tribe; resulted in near destruction of the Pequot.

• Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)
  Rebellion of Virginia settlers led by Nathaniel Bacon against the colonial government over Native policy; exposed class tensions.

• French and Indian War (1754–1763)
  North American conflict in a larger imperial war between Britain and France; led to colonial discontent and British debt.

• Revolutionary War (1775–1783)
  War for independence from Britain; ended with the Treaty of Paris and U.S. sovereignty.

• Shays’ Rebellion (1786–1787)
  Farmers in Massachusetts rebelled against economic injustices; highlighted the need for a stronger federal government.

• Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
  Uprising against federal whiskey tax; crushed by Washington, proving federal strength.

• War of 1812 (1812–1815)
  War with Britain over trade rights and impressment; ended in stalemate but boosted U.S. nationalism.

• Mexican-American War (1846–1848)
  Conflict over Texas and western territories; ended with U.S. gaining land in the Southwest via the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

• Civil War (1861–1865)
  War between the Union and Confederacy over slavery and states’ rights; resulted in the preservation of the Union and abolition of slavery.

• Spanish-American War (1898)
  U.S. defeated Spain, gaining the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico; marked emergence as a world power.

• World War I (1914–1918)
  U.S. entered in 1917; war ended with Treaty of Versailles and Wilson’s failed League of Nations proposal.

• World War II (1939–1945)
  Global war against Axis powers; U.S. entered after Pearl Harbor, ended with Allied victory and atomic bombings.

• Korean War (1950–1953)
  Cold War military conflict; U.S. defended South Korea from communist North Korea; ended in stalemate.

• Vietnam War (1955–1975)
  U.S. fought to stop communism in Southeast Asia; highly controversial and led to domestic unrest.

• Gulf War (1990–1991)
  U.S.-led coalition expelled Iraqi forces from Kuwait; showcased U.S. military dominance.

• War on Terror (2001–present)
  Initiated after 9/11; includes wars in Afghanistan and Iraq and expansion of national security powers.

Important Supreme Court Cases

• Marbury v. Madison (1803)
  Established judicial review, allowing the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional.

• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
  Confirmed federal supremacy and upheld the constitutionality of the national bank.

• Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
  Strengthened federal control over interstate commerce.

• Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
  Ruled that African Americans were not citizens and that Congress couldn’t ban slavery in the territories.

• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
  Upheld racial segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine.

• Schenck v. United States (1919)
  Allowed limitations on free speech during wartime; established “clear and present danger” test.

• Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
  Overturned Plessy; ruled that segregated public schools were unconstitutional.

• Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
  Guaranteed the right to a lawyer for criminal defendants who cannot afford one.

• Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
  Required police to inform suspects of their rights upon arrest (“Miranda rights”).

• Roe v. Wade (1973)
  Legalized abortion nationwide based on a woman’s right to privacy.

• United States v. Nixon (1974)
  Limited presidential power by requiring Nixon to turn over Watergate tapes; reinforced rule of law.

• Bush v. Gore (2000)
  Resolved the 2000 election by halting a Florida recount; effectively awarded presidency to George W. Bush.