ID

COM 101 Chaps 1-3

WEEK 1

  • Aristotle+Plato’s opinions on comms
    • ==Aristotle’s 3 proofs==
    • Ethos- a person’s character
    • logos- arguments/logic
    • pathos- appeal to emotions
    • mythos
    • ==aristotle’s model of comms==
  • Need examples and enthymemes to express an argument acc to Aristotle
    • ==Enthymemes-syllogism w a suppressed premise (only one premise+conclusion)==
    • ==Syllogisms- part of deductive reasoning==
    • ==Major premise==
    • ==Minor premise==
    • ==Logical conwitt==
    • ==^3 step process to prove cases==
  • ==Forefather of comms==
    • ==Harold Lasswell (1902-1978)==
    • Research in prop. During WW1
    • Invented content analysis rm to measure comms
    • ==Paul Lazarsfeld (1901-1976)==
    • pioneered market research
    • initiated media effects tradition >dominant paradigm in mass comm research
    • ==Kurt Lewin (1890-1947)==
    • field theory still referred to widely in comms research
    • interpersonal and grp comms influencer
    • ==Carl Hovland (1912-1961)==
    • Sleeper effect (you agree more with someone than you disagree with them)
    • You will remember more about what you agree with than what you disagreed w
    • dyadic communication
    • ==Wilbur Schramm (1907-1987)==
    • Father of mass communication
    • schramm spoke w a stutter and sought to understand why
    • named head of journalism in 1943
    • started the first mass comm doctoral program in a J-school, created a gen model for comms study in unis

WEEK 2

  • ==communication==: the process by which info is exchanged among 2 or more systems that exist within a common environment- Brian Reynolds
  • interpersonal comm: comm btwn individuals focusing on relational processes
  • intrapersonal comm: comm with oneself
  • nonverbal communication: communication without the use of words
  • mass comm: comm using tech as a medium to communicate to a large audience
  • international comm: comm among nations, regional entities, and international orgs
  • intercultural communication: communication that occurs in interactions between people who are culturally different, understanding how different ppl communicate and act differently
  • group communication: comm which occurs in groups, looking at characteristics such as collaboration, cohesion, structure, identity, and decisions making in small scale and large scale contexts
  • organizational communication: comm in and by an organization. an org is a structured collection of interdependent members with a common interest, working together to achieve goals
  • model: abstract representation of a general set of elements of a phenomenon, showing the relationship of those elements and clarifying their details in context
  • uses of a model
    • explain: explain the relationship btwn the elements
    • predict: understand directionality of changes w/in and btwn elements
    • control: one can potentially control the elements
  • ==Linear Model of Communication==
    • ==Sender==: person who communicates the message
    • ==message==: set of info or symbols produced by sender to which meaning can be attributed
    • ==channel==: the means via which we send a message (eg- video call, cell phones, TV)
    • ==receiver==: the recipient of the message
  • ==Interactive Model of communication==
    • ==Encoding==: process of creating meaning into a specific form of a message
    • ==decoding==: process of extracting meaning from a message
    • ==feedback==: response to a message
    • ==noise==: interrupters in the environment of the message
    • physical/external- literally physical noise
    • psychological/internal- might affect one of the senses which will impact ability of message to be sent and received
    • semantic/social- using words known by fewer ppl
  • ==Transactional model of communication==
    • ==mutual influence==: ongoing and active contribution/influence of all parties in the communication process
    • ==transactional==: simultaneous and mutually influential process of encoding and decoding messages
    • ==communicator==: the sender/encoder and receiver/decoder in the communication process
  • ==Lasswell’s model==
    • Context: productive process of communication effects
    • who → says what→ in which channel→ to whom→ w what effect
  • ==Shannon-Weaver model==
    • Mediated Communication
    • Context: communication w others via a device or tech
    • info source: communicator originating the message
    • message: the info sent directly by the source
    • transmitter: the device sending the message
    • signal: the form in which the message is sent via the device
    • noise source: interference w message transmission
    • received signal: the device receiving the message
    • received message: what is actually produced by the receiving device after receiving the signal
    • destination: indivi who is the target of the mediated message
  • ==Gerbner’s Model==
    • Context: journalism- describes the process of observation and communication of observed events: perception and representation
    • Perceptual dimension
    • E- event that is perceived by a person
    • M- person
    • E1- perception of the event through objective and subjective interpretation
    • Means and control dimension
    • S- form: availability of channels of the source; particular characteristics of chosen channel(s); skill of message source using chosen channel (s)
    • E- content: info abt the event
    • SE- statement construct by source abt the event
    • lower horizontal arm
    • M2- destination: a decoder (audience) interprets the info received via the channel used by the source (M)
    • SE1- perceptual filtering in the decoding process generated an interpretation of event
  • ==Berlo’s SMCR model==
    • Context: complexity to achieve fidelity (accuracy) in comm
    • interdependent components w/in basic linear elements
    • Source
    • communication skills: skill of the invid to communicate
    • attitudes: attitude towards audience, subject and oneself
    • knowledge: communicator needs to be knowledgeable in the subject
    • social systems: values, beliefs, culture, and a gen understanding of society
    • culture: also comes under social systems
    • message
    • content: body of the message
    • elements: non verbal cues
    • treatment: the accuracy of the message being conveyed
    • structure: how the message is arranged
    • code: the form and means in which it was conveyed (eg- body language, gestures etc)
  • ==Westley-Maclean model==
    • Context: journalism
    • A- reporter (observer)
    • C- editor (gatekeeper)
    • B- audience (receiver)
    • f- feedback
    • X^1- message
    • X^11-modified message
    • X1- info
  • ==the convergence model==
    • Lawrence Kincaid (1979)
    • Context: Processual communication- change in communicators’ relationships, the understanding of each other, and continuing communication together over time. focuses on global tendencies in comm exchanges
    • “and then…”- any comm interaction is based upon what has come before and is part of a larger system and is part of a layer system of communication
    • A+B: communicators who interact in cyclical patterns of information sharing (I1)
    • each interaction represents a transaction in which participants express and interpret information

Week 3

  • ==Perception==- the process by which we make sense of the world around us
  • Using senses to acquire info abt the surrounding environment to situation
  • Active perception- your mind selects, organizes, and interprets that which you sense
    • Physiological process-receiving info through our senses of sight, hearing, touch, taste, smell
    • Cognitive- the sorting, organizing, and interpreting of our senses
  • Subjective perception- uniquely constructed meaning attributed to sensed stimuli
    • Psychological influence-own mental outlook shapes our own thought processes, character, and experience
    • Social influence- communication interaction of and with others
  • Our communication should exist before any perceived reality
  • our perception creates the world which requires comm
  • comms is based on perception not on reality
  • Perception process
    • Selection
    • How we choose which sensory info to process
    • Organization
    • How we arrange or order that info
    • Interpretation
    • How we attach meaning to that perception
  • Selection process
    • frequency: things that occur repeatedly
    • contrast: things that stand out in some manner
    • intensity: things are particularly strong or extreme versions of a phenomenon
    • novel: things that are new to us
    • Other influences
    • Own individual characteristics- past experiences, socialization, knowledge and social roles
    • Social factors- social media, mass media
    • Consciously focusing on stimuli- narrow focus on an item
    • errors in selection
    • omission: inaccurate perception of events due to not selecting an important piece of information for processing
    • distortion: the incorrect prioritizing of what info is essential or imp
    • oversimplification: selection of unnecessarily significant info for a superficial or oversimplified understanding of something
  • Organization process
    • ==cognitive schemata==: mental framework that are applied when organizing information about a situation, event, person etc
    • established through experience, socialization, familiarity, and biological ‘hard wiring’
    • types of schema
    • personal constructs
      • physical constructs: how ppl are organized according to their physical attributes
      • role constructs: ppl are organized based on their social role and position
      • interactional constructs: ppl are organized based on their social and interactional qualities
      • psychological constructs: ppl are organized based on their disposition or personality traits
    • ==prototype==: idealized representation that is most representative of a category and its qualities
    • scripts: a cognitive framework for an event or action
      • chronological or sequential to anticipate future/ongoing events or actions
      • series of events and linked responses
      • govern our behaviour is familiar occurrences
    • figure and ground
    • figure- the focal point
    • ground- the bg against which your focused attention occurs
    • closure
    • tendency to fill in missing info to complete your perceptive understanding
    • proximity
    • the principle that items physically close to each other will be perceived as a unit or whole
    • similarity
    • elements grouped together bc they share attributes like size, colour, or shape
  • Interpretation
    • subjective interpretation of associations of meaning we have learned for numerous stimuli as part of our culture, socialization, and past experiences
    • attributions and context-
    • context- perceived rules, norms, and principles that govern our behaviour in the short and long term, in familiar and unfamiliar settings
    • attributions- assigning cause to behaviour
      • internal- external locus of control; cause of behaviours is w/in the person or beyond their control- eg. failed an exam due to bad study habits or exam is too difficult
      • stability- short or long-term behaviour- eg. failed an exam due to tiredness or dyslexia
      • control- ability to exercise control over his/her actions- eg. failed an exam bc went to an all-night party the night before
    • tendencies in perception
    • self-serving bias- judge ourselves more tolerantly than we judge other by overemphasizing situational explanations for our own actions
    • fundamental attribution error- tendency to assume the cause of the behaviour is with the person
    • out-group homogeneity- tendency to view out-grp member as more alike than in-grp members
    • persistence of first impressions- we tend to send out, infer, or assume evidence that confirms our initial reads