the chemical foundation of life

2.1 atoms, isotopes, ions and molecules: the buidling blocks

1. strucutre of the atom

   1. atom

      1. smallest unit of matter that retains all of the elements chemical properties

      2. nucleues

         1. atoms center and contains protons and neutrons

         2. proton

            1. positivley charged ions

         3. neutron

            1. uncharged ions

         4. electrons

            1. negtatively charged

   2. atomic number and mass

      1. atomic number

         1. number of protons

      2. mass number

         1. protons and neutrons

      3. atomic mass

         1. calculated mean of the mass number for it naturally occuring isotops

   3. isotopes

      1. different forms of an element that have different neutrons but same number of protons

   4. radioisotopes

      1. isotopes that emit neutrons, protons and electrons and attain a more stable atomic configuration

2. periodic table

   1. periodic table

      1. organizs and displays different elements

   2. chemical reactivity

      1. ability to combine and cehmically bond with each other

   3. molecules

      1. 2 or more atoms chemically bonded together

3. electrons

   1. orbitals

      1. where electrons are in the atom

   2. octet rule

      1. 8 electrons needed in valence shell to be a stable atom

   3. valence shell

      1. outermost electron shell

   4. inert/noble gasses

      1. atoms that have all filled outer electron shells

4. ions and ionic bonds

   1. cations

      1. positive ions formed by loss of electron

   2. anion

      1. negative charged ions by gaining electron

   3. electron transfer

      1. movement of electrons from one element to another

   4. ionic bonds

      1. forms between ions with opposite charges

5. covalent bonds and other bonds and interactions

   1. covalent bonds

      1. sharing electrons between atoms

   2. polar covalent bonds

      1. atoms unequally share the electrons, electrons are more attracted to the postively charged nucleues

   3. electronegativity

      1. attraction of electrons

   4. non polar covalent bonds

      1. forms between 2 atoms of the same element or between different elements that share electrons equally

6. hydrogen bonds and van der waals interactions

   1. hydrogen bonds

      1. weak bonds that form between water molecules

   2. van der waals interactions

      1. weak attractions or interactions between molecules

2.2 water

1. water polarity

   1. composed of polar molecules

   2. hydrgen bond forms between hydrogen and oxygen

   3. hydrophilic

      1. water loving

   4. hydrophobilc

      1. water hating

2. water states

   1. liquid

   2. gas

   3. solid

      1. low density

3. water high heat capactiy

   1. water has the highest specific heat capactiy of any liquids

   2. specific heat capactiy

      1. amount of heat one gram of substance must abosorb to lose to change its temp by 1 degree celcius

4. water heat of vaporation

   1. heat of vaporation

      1. amount of energy required to change one gram of a liquid substance to a gas

   2. hydrogen bonds makes it difficult to seperate liquid water molecules from each other

      1. 586 cals needed to turn water into gas

   3. evaporation

      1. liquid→gas\

5. water solvent properties

   1. solvent

      1. substance capable of dissolving other polar molecules and ionic compounds

   2. sphere of hydration

   3. dissociation

      1. when atoms or groups of atoms break off from molecules and form ions

6. water cohesive and adhesive properties

   1. cohesion

      1. allows for surface tension

   2. surface tension

      1. capacity of a substance to withstand rupuring when placed under tension or stress

   3. adhesion

      1. attraction between water molecules and other molecules

   4. capillary action

   5. cohesive and adhesive forces are importnat fro transporting water from the roots to the leaves in plants