Part 2 - Europe

Henry VII

• wants a son to continue the Tudor dynasty

• “A Love Story”

• crushed all attempts of reformation

• broke away from the Catholic church and created the Church of England to be able to divorce his wife

Queen Elizabeth I

• never marries (“Virgin Queen”)

• rules England for around 50 years

• “Sea Dogs” → English privateers and pirates authorized by Queen Elizabeth I to raid Spanish ships and settlements (Sir Frances Drake and Sir Walter Raleigh)

• Sir Walter Raleigh later founded the “Lost Colony of Roanoke”

• The “Protestant Wind” defeats the Spanish Armada (1588)

• Spanish is no longer the dominant sea power

• English power increases

Jamestown

• Primogeniture: oldest son gets everything

• Joint-stock companies

• Virginia Company of London

• Jamestown site → swampy, water gets polluted easily

• dysentery: uncontrollable diarrhea till death

• malnutrition

• only 60 survived the first winter

John Smith

• kidnapped and was saved by Pocahontas

• “He who does not work, does not eat.”

• “starving time”

• Lord de la Warr takes John Smith’s place at Jamestown when Smith returns to England

Powahatan

• father of Pocahontas

• his confederacy falls to the 3 “D’s” : disease, disorganization, and disposabiltiy

John Rolfe

• 1612

• discovers tobacco

• cultivates tobacco and sends it to England

• marries Pocahontas

1619

• 20 Africans were sold as slaves in Jamestown

• London company authorizes the House of Burgesses (1st legislature in America)

• Tobacco Economy requires a lot of laborers

Indentured Servitude

• working for “freedom dues” → corn, clothes, some land

• headright system → wealthy amassed huge land

• frustrated freedmen didn’t get as much land and weren’t able to start families

Bacon’s Rebellion

• 1676

• 1000 freedmen

• put down an Indian revolt, torched Jamestown, and chased Governor William Berkley out of Town

Colonial Slavery

• African coastal tribes

• more than 20% (20,000,000) would die on the “Middle Passage”

• harsh slave codes passed

John Calvin

• Hugenot

• Calvinism: dominant theology of Puritans and Predestination

• Predestination: God chooses who goes to Heaven

• Puritans want to “purify” the Church of England

• Separatists: wanted to separate from the Anglican Church

• James I harassed the separatists who flee to Holland

• Pilgrims board the Mayflower bound for Jamestown

• arrive in Plymouth Bay, Massachusetts (1620)

• Mayflower Compact

• only 44 out of 120 survived the first winter

• Wampanoags (Squanto) befriend the Pilgrims

• first Thanksgiving - 1621

• William Bradford - chosen governor of the Plymouth colony 30 times

• Massachusetts Bay colony is formed

• 1630’s → Great Puritan Migration

John Winthrop

• Governor of Massachusetts of Massachusetts Bay colony for 19 years

• all freemen (churchgoing adult men) can vote

• Town meetings

• “A City Upon A Hill”

• American exceptionalism

Challenges to Puritan Authority (Quakers and Baptists)

• fines

• flogging

• banishment

• death penalty

• Roger Williams: banished and formed Rhode Island

• Rhode Island had the freedom of religion; Devout Puritans called it the “Sewer”

• Anne Hutchinson: antinomianism - truly saved people shouldn’t bother to obey God’s or man’s laws

• was banished from the Massachusetts Bay colony

Connecticut

• Reverend Thomas Hooker

• Fundamental Orders of Connecticut - 1639

  → 1st written constitution in America

  → legislature elected by popular vote - governor chosen by legislature

Pequot War

• 1637

• first significant war between the Native Americans and settlers

• around 400 to 700 people were killed, survivors became slaves

• English settlers fought orderly with other Europeans but fought aggressively against the Indians

King Phillip’s War

• Puritans vs Wampanoags

• Native Americans attacked 56 Puritan settlements

• ends in 1676

• King Philip (head/leader of the Wampanoags) was caught, beheaded, and quartered

English Civil War

• Cavaliers (Anglican) vs Roundheads (Puritans)

• Oliver Cromwell - leader of Puritans

• They (Puritans) beheaded the King (Charles I)

• colonization in the New World was interrupted for 20 years

Restoration

• Charles II

• empire building resumes

Carolinas

South Carolina : rice cultivation and plantation; economy similar to the West Indies

North Carolina : outcast small farmers who didn’t like aristocracy

Maryland

• Named after Queen Mary

• Lord Baltimore

• refuge for English Catholics

• religious toleration (except Jews and Athiests)

• tobacco cultivation

Georgia

• James Oglethorpe

• protect Carolinas from Florida

• country for debtors

• religious toleration (except Catholics)

• John Wesley - Methodist Church

“Plantation colonies”

• Staple crops

• slavery

• westward movement

• greater religious tolerance