Practice Lecture Exam 2

Lecture Exam 2 Version A - In Depth Notes

Multiple Choice Questions

• 1) Final Protein of Blood Clot

  • The final protein that forms a blood clot is fibrin (Option E).

• 2) Rapid Depolarization in Myocardial Cells

  • The rapid depolarization phase of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells occurs due to Na+ ions only (Option A).

• 3) Isovolumetric Relaxation

  • During isovolumetric relaxation, both the AV and semilunar valves are closed, and ventricular pressure is decreasing (Option A).

Electrical Conduction in the Heart

• 4) Correct Order of Autorhythmic Cells

  • The correct sequence for conveying electrical signals through a normal heart: sinoatrial node (5), internodal pathway (2), atrioventricular node (4), bundle of His (1), left and right bundle branches (6), Purkinje fibers (3) (Option D).

• 5) Granulocytes Classification

  • The leukocytes classified as granulocytes include Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils (Option E).

• 6) Hemoglobin Attachment

  • Hemoglobin in erythrocytes is capable of chemically attaching to both oxygen and carbon dioxide (Option D).

• 7) Closure of Atrioventricular Valve

  • Closure occurs when ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure (Option E).

ECG and Cardiac Cycle

• 8) ECG Wave Descriptions

  • The P wave represents the depolarization of atria (Option B).

• 9) Increased Potassium Permeability in SA Node

  • Increased permeability leads to a decrease in heart rate (Option B).

• 10) Ventricular Filling Phase

  • In this phase, ventricular pressure is less than aortic pressure (Option E).

Blood Vessel Anatomy and Cardiac Output

• 11) Smooth Muscle in Blood Vessels

  • The layer containing smooth muscle tissue is the tunica media (Option A).

• 12) Cardiac Output Statements

  • A true statement is that a slow heart rate can increase end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction (Option A).

Capillary Structure and Blood Flow

• 13) Structure of Tunica Intima

  • The tunica intima is composed of an endothelium and a thin layer of areolar connective tissue (Option C).

• 14) Blood Flow Characteristics

  • Blood flow in the human body can be characterized by: a (unidirectional flow), d (arteries carry blood away from heart), and e (veins return blood to heart) (Option C).

• 15) Variables that Determine Cardiac Output

  • The two variables that determine cardiac output are heart rate and stroke volume (Option D).

Action Potentials and Heart Anatomy

• 16) Plateau Phase in Cardiac Action Potential

  • The plateau results from the opening of Ca2+ channels (Option A).

• 17) Characteristics of Type A Blood

  • Type A blood has anti-B antibodies and surface antigen A, thus it will agglutinate with blood type B (Option A).

• 18) Correct Valve-Function Match

  • The mitral valve permits one-way blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle (Option D).

• 19) Function of Chordae Tendineae

  • Chordae tendineae prevent AV valves from prolapsing by pulling downward during contraction (Option D).

• 20) P Wave in ECG

  • The P wave indicates atrial depolarization (Option D).

Blood Circulation and Coagulation

• 21) Pulmonary Circuit

  • The pulmonary circuit carries blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs (Option D).

• 22) Increased Blood Flow Conditions

  • The change that does not result in increased blood flow is decreased vessel diameter (Option A).

• 23) Activation of Intrinsic Pathway of Coagulation

  • It is activated by exposed collagen (Option A).

• 24) Capillary Wall Composition

  • The layers of a capillary wall include endothelium, subendothelial layer, and intercellular clefts (Option A).

Circulatory System Dynamics and Cardiovascular Phases

• 25) Parallel Blood Flow in Circulatory System

  • It refers to how the organs of the body are arranged to allow adequate flow and pressure to maintain homeostasis (Option C).

• 26) Hydrostatic and Colloid Osmotic Pressure

  • At the arterial end of a capillary, hydrostatic pressure is higher than colloid osmotic pressure (Option A).

• 27) Ion Movement During Plateau Phase

  • During the plateau phase, Ca2+ ions only are crossing the membrane (Option A).

• 28) Movement of Substances Across Capillaries

  • Water and dissolved substances leave due to hydrostatic pressure being higher, and enter due to osmotic pressure being higher (Option D).

Heart Conduction Pathway and Cardiac Health

• 29) Correct Conduction Pathway Through the Heart

  • The pathway is: SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers (Option C).

• 30) Reduced Blood Calcium Levels

  • Lowered calcium levels result in decreased heart rate and contraction strength (Option C).

• 31) Foramen Ovale

  • It connects the two atria in the fetal heart (Option B).

• 32) First Heart Sound

  • The first heart sound (lub) is from the closing of the AV valves at the beginning of ventricular systole (Option C).

• 33) Second Heart Sound During Cardiac Cycle

  • It is heard during isovolumetric relaxation (Option C).

Factors Affecting Blood Volume and Coagulation

• 34) Increase in Blood Volume

  • Blood volume increases due to increased renin secretion (Option A).

• 35) Coagulation Systems Outcomes

  • Both intrinsic and extrinsic systems result in the formation of a prothrombin activator (Option D).

• 36) Layers of the Heart

  • The correct order from innermost to outermost is: endocardium, myocardium, epicardium, pericardial cavity, parietal pericardium, fibrous pericardium (Option B).

• 37) Closure Timing of Tricuspid Valve

  • The tricuspid valve is closed when the ventricle is in systole (Option A).

Cardiac Cycle Overview

• 38) Order of Phases in Cardiac Cycle

  • The phases in the correct order are: beginning of atrial systole (3), completion of ventricular filling (5), beginning of ventricular systole (6), opening of the semilunar valves (1), ventricular ejection (8), closure of the AV valves (4), isovolumic contraction (2), ventricular relaxation (7) (Option A).

• 39) Arteries Supplying Blood to Knee

  • The correct order is: abdominal aorta → common iliac artery → external iliac artery → femoral artery → popliteal artery (Option D).

• 40) Phase with Open AV Valves

  • The AV valves are open during the ventricular filling phase (Option B).

Answer Key Summary

• 1) E, 2) A, 3) A, 4) D, 5) E, 6) D, 7) E, 8) B, 9) B, 10) E

• 11) A, 12) A, 13) C, 14) C, 15) D, 16) A, 17) D, 18) D, 19) D, 20) D

• 21) D, 22) A, 23) A, 24) E, 25) C, 26) A, 27) A, 28) D

• 29) C, 30) C, 31) B, 32) C, 33) C, 34) A, 35) D, 36) B, 37) A

• 38) A, 39) D, 40) B