Geology pt 1

1. Mineral - is a material that occurs naturally and is generally strong, crystalline, stable and inorganic at room temperature.

2. Feldspars - are a collection of rock-forming tectosilicate minerals that make up by weight about 41% of the mainland surface of the Earth. 

3. Quartz - is a mineral consisting of carbon and water particles in a constant frame of SiO4 silicon-oxygen tetrahedra, sharing each carbon between two tetrahedra, providing SiO2 an general chemical formula. The second most common mineral, behind feldspar, in the continental crust.

4. Amphibole - is an significant cluster of inosilicate minerals that form prisms or needle-like crystals, consisting of SiO 4 tetrahedra double chain, connected at the vertices and usually carrying ions of iron and/or magnesium in their constructions. Are presently classified by the International Mineralogical Association as a mineral supergroup, within which there are two categories and several subgroups.

5. Mica - group of sheet silicate (phyllosilicate) minerals involves several near perfect basal cleavage associated products.

6. The term mica comes from the Latin term mica, which means a crumb to glitter

7. Olivine - The earth’s upper mantle’s main element, it is a prevalent mineral in the subsurface of Earth, but it weathers rapidly on the ground. Contains only small quantities of non-oxygen,silicon, magnesium and iron components

8. Garnets - are a set of minerals of silicate that have been usedas gemstones and abrasives since the Bronze Age.

9. Calcite is a mineral carbonate and the most stable calcium oil polymorph (CaCO3).

10. Pyroxenes - are a set of significant minerals discovered in many igneous and metamorphic rocks that form rock inosilicates.

11. Accessory minerals - minerals occurring within a rock in small quantities

12. Geology - also known as 'geoscience' or 'Earth science', geology is the study of the structure, evolution and dynamics of the Earth and its natural mineral and energy resources.

13. Evolution is the change in the characteristics of a species over several generations

14. Engineering geology also called Geological Engineering, the scientific discipline concerned with the application of geological knowledge to engineering problems—e.g., to reservoir design and location, determination of slope stability for construction purposes, and determination of earthquake, flood, or subsidence

15. Geologists classify rocks into three main groups: igneous rock, sedimentary rock, and metamorphic rock.

16. Metamorphic Rock is formed by heat and pressure from other rocks.

17. Earth science is the study of the Earth's structure, properties, processes, Earth sciences are the fields of study concerned with the solid Earth, its waters, and the air that envelops it.

18. Continental drift is the hypothesis that the Earth's continents have moved over geologic time

relative to each other, thus appearing to have "drifted" across the ocean bed.

19. Plate tectonics is a scientific theory that explains how major landforms are created as a result of Earth's subterranean movements. Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into large slabs of solid rock, called “plates,” that glide over Earth's mantle, the rocky inner layer above Earth's core.

20. Weathering is the breaking down or dissolving of rocks and minerals on Earths surface. Once a rock has been broken down, a process called erosion transports the bits of rock and minerals away. Water, acids, salt, plants, animals, and changes in temperature are all agents of weathering and erosion.

21. Mineralogy is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals and mineralized artifacts.

22. Crystal System refers to one of the many classes of crystals, space groups, and lattices. In

23.  crystallography terms, lattice system and crystal,

24. Plate tectonics is a scientific theory that explains how major landforms are created as a result of Earth's subterranean movements. Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into large slabs of solid rock, called “plates,” that glide over Earth's mantle, the rocky inner layer above Earth's core.

25. Petrology is the study of rocks - igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary - and the processesthat form and transform them.

26. Igneous rock  is formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. The magma can be derived from partial melts of existing rocks in either a planet's mantle or crust.

27. Sedimentary rocks are formed from pre-existing rocks or pieces of once-living organisms.

28. Metamorphic rocks started out as some other type of rock, but have been substantially changed from their original igneous, sedimentary, or earlier metamorphic form. Rocks form when rocks are subjected to high heat, high pressure, hot mineral-rich fluids or, more commonly, some combination of these factors.

29. Porosity is the percentage of void space in a rock. It is defined as the ratio of the volume of the voids or pore space divided by the total volume. It is written as either a decimal fraction  between 0 and 1 or as a percentage. For most rocks, porosity varies from less than 1% to  40%.pore spaces facilitate the availability and movement of air or water within the soil  environment.

30. Permeability is a measure of the ease of passage of liquids or gases or specific chemicals through the material.

31. Density the quantity per unit volume, unit area, or unit length: as. a : the mass of a substance per unit volume. b : the distribution of a quantity (as mass, electricity, or energy) per unit usually of space.

32. Elasticity ability of a deformed material body to return to its original shape and size when the forces causing the deformation are removed.

33. Plasticity the quality of being easily shaped or molded, plasticity, ability of certain solids to flow or to change shape permanently when subjected to stresses of intermediate magnitude between those producing temporary deformation, or elastic behaviour, and those causing failure of the material, or rupture.

34. Dynamic properties of building play an important role in the determination of the equivalent lateral forces as well as responses from natural disturbances such as wind and seismic forces. These properties include natural frequencies (or natural periods), damping ratios and vibration mode shapes of a building.

35. Wave theory the theory that light is propagated through the ether by a wave motion impartedto the ether by the molecular vibrations of the radiant body.

36. Wave velocity in common usage refers to speed, although, properly, velocity implies bothspeed and direction.

37. Velocity of a wave is equal to the product of its wavelength and frequency (number of vibrations per second) and is independent of its intensity.

38. Modulus of elasticity is a measure of stiffness, with higher-modulus materials exhibiting lessdeformation under load compared to low-modulus materials.

39. Geophysical investigations are used to estimate the physical properties of the subsurface by measuring, analyzing, and interpreting seismic, electrical, electromagnetic, gravitational, and magnetic fields measured at the ground surface or within boreholes.

40. Geology - is the study of earth, the materials of which it is made, the structure of those materials and the effects of the natural forces acting upon them and is important to civil engineering because all work performed by civil engineers involves earth and its features.

41. Natural Forces: Events that occur in the environment due to nature (physical world or universe).

42. Reservoiris most commonly an enlarged natural or artificial lake created using a dam to store fresh water.

43. Subsidence is a general term for downward vertical movement of the Earth's surface, which can be caused by both natural processes and human activities. Subsidence involves little or no horizontal movement, which distinguishes it from slope movement.