7 infancy Chapter 6 2024

Page 1: Infancy-Socioemotional Development

• Chapter Overview:

  • Emotion and Personality

  • Social Orientation and Attachment

  • Social Contexts

Page 2: Cognitive Development - Piaget Theory Stages

• Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development Chart:

  • Age Range and Stages:

    • Sensorimotor: Birth to 2 years

    • Preoperational: 2 to 7 years

    • Concrete Operational: 7 to 11 years

    • Formal Operational: 11 years and onward

  • Descriptions:

    • Sensorimotor: Object permanence understanding; recognizes ability to act intentionally.

    • Preoperational: Language use; egocentric thinking; classification by single features.

    • Concrete Operational: Logical thinking; conservation recognition; classification by multiple features.

    • Formal Operational: Logical thinking about abstract concepts; hypothesis creation and testing.

Page 3: Attention and Memory

• Attention Development:

  • At 4 months: Selective attention to objects.

  • At 7-8 months: Visual attention to sequences.

  • In the first year: Orientation to objects and investigation.

• Importance of Attention:

  • Sustained attention is critical for learning and memory.

  • Joint Attention: Focusing on the same object with another, which aids social learning.

Page 4: Emotion and Personality

• Emotions Overview:

  • Definition and role of emotions in communication and behavior.

  • Theories of emotion: Discrete Emotion Theory and Functionalist Perspective.

  • Emotion Development: Influences of biology, cognition, and environment.

  • Temperament: Linked to personality development influenced by parenting and culture.

Page 5: Emotion Defined

• Definition: Emotion is a feeling state related to self and well-being.

• Characteristics: Involves behaviors reflecting pleasant or unpleasant states; classified as positive or negative.

• Roles of Emotions:

  • Communication, behavioral organization, and development influenced by biological and cognitive factors.

Page 6: Language and Emotion Expression

• Vocalization Stages:

  • Crying: Signals distress with different types.

  • Cooing: Gurgling sounds expressing pleasure emerging at 2-4 months.

  • Babbling: Helps with social interaction.

• Types of Cries:

  • Basic Cry, Anger Cry, Pain Cry - each having distinctive features and functions.

Page 7: Theories of Emotional Development

• Theories:

  • Discrete Emotion Theory: Emotions are distinct and innate.

  • Functionalist Perspective: Emotions develop over time to adapt to social environments.

Page 8: Primary Emotions

• Timeline: Primary emotions appear by 6 months; discussed over the next slides.

Page 9: Facial Expressions by Dr. Carol Izard

• Universal Emotions: Proposed by Darwin and identified by Ekman (7 emotions).

  • Emotions include: Anger, Contempt, Disgust, Fear, Joy, Sadness, Surprise.

Page 10: Expanded Facial Expressions

• Specific Expressions:

  • Disgust: Tongue out, raised upper lip.

  • Joy: Bright eyes, smiling mouth.

Page 11: Emotional Expressions Continued

• Sadness and Anger: Specific facial configurations corresponding to these emotions.

Page 12: Self-Conscious Emotions

• Development Timeline: Arise around 1-2 years; include jealousy, empathy, embarrassment.

Page 13: Functionalist Perspective on Emotions

• Role of Emotions: Establish and maintain relationships, promoting actions toward goals.

Page 14: Theoretical Integration

• Integration: Discrete Emotion Theory and Functionalist Perspective interact in emotional development.

Page 15: Emotional Connection to Social World

• Types of Smiles: Reflexive vs. Social Smiles.

• Fear Development: Notable fears include stranger anxiety and separation protest.

Page 16: Emotion Regulation and Coping

• Development of Regulation: Influenced by caregivers; promotes secure attachment and emotional adaptability.

Page 17: Understanding Temperament

• Definition: Individual behavioral differences influenced by biology (nature) and refined through experiences (nurture).

Page 18: Temperament Dimensions

• Dimensions per Thomas and Chess:

  • Fearful distress, irritable distress, positive affect, activity level, attention span, and rhythmicity.

Page 19: Temperament Profiles

• Profiles:

  • Easy: Positive, adaptable, routine followers (40%).

  • Difficult: Negative responses, irregularity (15%).

  • Slow-to-warm-up: Withdrawal, adaptation difficulties (10%).

Page 20: Stability of Temperament

• Stability Insights: Activity level and irritability remain moderate through adulthood.

Page 21: Temperament and Adjustment

• Consequences: Reactive temperaments may correlate with later behavioral issues; slow-to-warm-up children face social challenges.

Page 22: Rothbart and Bates’ Classification

• Classification Categories:

  • Extraversion, Negative affectivity, Effortful control - crucial for self-regulation.

Page 23: Goodness of Fit

• Concept: Optimal development occurs when caregiver behavior aligns with child temperament.

Page 24: Erickson's Theory

• Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust: Emphasizes the importance of emotions and temperament in forming personality.

Page 25: Social Orientation and Attachment

• Developmental Milestones: Crawling/walking enhances social self; social referencing as cognitive task helps in emotional interpretation.

Page 26: Attachment Theory Foundations

• Key Theorists:

  • Freud: Oral satisfaction.

  • Harlow: Contact comfort.

  • Erikson: Trust through care.

• Definition: Close emotional bond as defined by John Bowlby.

Page 27: Bowlby's Phases of Attachment

• Bowlby's 4 Phases:

  • Phase 1: Birth - 2 months, attachment to humans.

  • Phase 2: 2 - 7 months, focus on primary caregiver.

  • Phase 3: 7 - 27 months, seek contact with caregivers.

  • Phase 4: 24 months onward, consideration of others' feelings.

Page 28: Individual Differences in Attachment

• Strange Situation: Observational measure to classify infant attachment styles: secure vs. insecure attachment.

Page 29: Types of Attachment

• Attachment Types:

  • Securely attached: Use caregiver as secure base.

  • Insecure avoidant: Avoid caregiver.

  • Insecure resistant: Cling but resistant.

  • Insecure disorganized: Disoriented behavior.

Page 30: Summary

• Emotional Development: Progression from emotional development to personality.

• Social Orientation & Attachment: Emphasis on caregiver relationships and attachment styles.