MC 1- CHAPTER 4
Tissue is a group of cells with similar structure and function, along with extracellular substances between the cells.
Histology is the microscopic study of tissue structure, focusing on the organization and the relationship between structure and function.
Examination of tissues provides valuable health information; for instance, cancer can be identified and classified based on characteristic tissue changes.
Biopsy involves removing tissue samples for diagnostic purposes, aiding in determining appropriate therapy.
Epithelial tissues cover surfaces, lack blood vessels, and have a basement membrane.
Functions include protection, acting as barriers, permitting passage of substances, secretion, and absorption.
Classification based on the number of cell layers and cell shape includes simple, stratified, pseudostratified columnar, and transitional epithelium.
Structural and functional relationships: Simple epithelium is involved in diffusion, secretion, or absorption, while stratified epithelium plays a protective role.
Glands can be single cells or multicellular structures that secrete substances.
Exocrine glands have ducts, while endocrine glands do not.
Connective tissues hold cells and tissues together, with an extracellular matrix comprising protein fibers, ground substance, and fluid.
Functions include enclosing and separating, connecting tissues, supporting and moving, storing, cushioning and insulating, transporting, and protecting.
Classification of connective tissues includes loose or areolar, adipose, dense, cartilage, bone, and blood.
Muscle tissues are specialized for contraction and can be skeletal, cardiac, or smooth.
Skeletal muscle is striated and multinucleated, cardiac muscle is striated and branched, while smooth muscle is non-striated and found in hollow organs.
Nervous tissue forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, coordinating and controlling bodily activities by conducting action potentials.
It consists of neurons and support cells.
Membranes are thin sheets covering structures or lining cavities, typically composed of epithelium and connective tissue.
Types include mucous membranes (lining cavities open to the outside), serous membranes (lining trunk cavities), cutaneous (skin), synovial (joint cavities), and periosteum (around bone).
Inflammation occurs when tissues are damaged, aiming to isolate and destroy harmful agents.
Mediators of inflammation include histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes, leading to symptoms like redness, heat, swelling, pain, and disturbance of function.
Chronic inflammation results from the persistence of the injuring agent or hindrance in the healing process.
Tissue repair involves the substitution of viable cells for dead cells through regeneration or replacement.
Regeneration restores normal function by producing new cells of the same type, while replacement leads to scar formation and loss of tissue function.
Cells are classified as labile (divide throughout life), stable (regenerate if necessary), or permanent (little to no ability to divide).
Tissue is a group of cells with similar structure and function, along with extracellular substances between the cells.
Histology is the microscopic study of tissue structure, focusing on the organization and the relationship between structure and function.
Examination of tissues provides valuable health information; for instance, cancer can be identified and classified based on characteristic tissue changes.
Biopsy involves removing tissue samples for diagnostic purposes, aiding in determining appropriate therapy.
Epithelial tissues cover surfaces, lack blood vessels, and have a basement membrane.
Functions include protection, acting as barriers, permitting passage of substances, secretion, and absorption.
Classification based on the number of cell layers and cell shape includes simple, stratified, pseudostratified columnar, and transitional epithelium.
Structural and functional relationships: Simple epithelium is involved in diffusion, secretion, or absorption, while stratified epithelium plays a protective role.
Glands can be single cells or multicellular structures that secrete substances.
Exocrine glands have ducts, while endocrine glands do not.
Connective tissues hold cells and tissues together, with an extracellular matrix comprising protein fibers, ground substance, and fluid.
Functions include enclosing and separating, connecting tissues, supporting and moving, storing, cushioning and insulating, transporting, and protecting.
Classification of connective tissues includes loose or areolar, adipose, dense, cartilage, bone, and blood.
Muscle tissues are specialized for contraction and can be skeletal, cardiac, or smooth.
Skeletal muscle is striated and multinucleated, cardiac muscle is striated and branched, while smooth muscle is non-striated and found in hollow organs.
Nervous tissue forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, coordinating and controlling bodily activities by conducting action potentials.
It consists of neurons and support cells.
Membranes are thin sheets covering structures or lining cavities, typically composed of epithelium and connective tissue.
Types include mucous membranes (lining cavities open to the outside), serous membranes (lining trunk cavities), cutaneous (skin), synovial (joint cavities), and periosteum (around bone).
Inflammation occurs when tissues are damaged, aiming to isolate and destroy harmful agents.
Mediators of inflammation include histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes, leading to symptoms like redness, heat, swelling, pain, and disturbance of function.
Chronic inflammation results from the persistence of the injuring agent or hindrance in the healing process.
Tissue repair involves the substitution of viable cells for dead cells through regeneration or replacement.
Regeneration restores normal function by producing new cells of the same type, while replacement leads to scar formation and loss of tissue function.
Cells are classified as labile (divide throughout life), stable (regenerate if necessary), or permanent (little to no ability to divide).
