Endocrine System Review

Glands and Their Functions

1. Pineal Gland

• Releases melatonin.
• Regulates the sleep-wake cycle.

2. Thyroid Gland

• Releases thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).
• Regulates growth, development, and metabolism.

3. Thymus

• Helps with the immune system.

4. Pancreas

• Releases two hormones to regulate blood glucose levels.
• Corrects hyperglycemia (high blood glucose) and hypoglycemia (low blood glucose).

5. Ovaries

• Release ova (eggs).
• Regulate estrogen and progesterone release.

6. Testes

• Regulate the hormone that leads to the development of secondary sex characteristics in men.

7. Adrenal Glands

• Composed of two parts:
  • One part releases a hormone causing vasoconstriction.
  • Increases heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP).
  • The other part releases two hormones:
    • Decreases inflammation.
    • Retains sodium (Na) and water (H2O).

8. Parathyroid Gland

• Releases and maintains calcium levels in the body.

9. Pituitary Gland

• Found in the diencephalon region of the brain.
• Works closely with the hypothalamus.

10. Hypothalamus

• Signals releasing hormones to the anterior pituitary gland.
• Signals the release of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin.

Hormones and Their Functions

11. Growth Hormone

• Predominantly released during adolescence.
• Helps with tissue and body growth.

12. Stimulating Hormone (targeting adrenal medulla and cortex)

• Targets the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex.

13. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

• Altered by the levels of thyroxine and triiodothyronine in the body. This creates a negative feedback loop. TSH
  eq T3, T4

14. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

• Responsible for maturing ovarian follicles.
• Responsible for sperm development.

15. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

• Responsible for promoting ovulation.
• Responsible for the release of testosterone.

16. Prolactin

• Responsible for the production of milk.

17. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

• Responsible for increasing blood volume.
• Decreases urine output.

18 & 19. Oxytocin

• Responsible for the release of milk from the mammary glands.
• Causes uterine contraction.