Genotype: a person’s complete set of genes
Phenotype: Observable features that result from the interaction between a person’s genes and the environment
Germ disc: Small cluster of cells in the center of the zygote
Placenta: Cells closet to the uterus that become the placenta
Zygote: The fertilized egg
Embryo: Week 3-8, has the amniotic sack and umbilical cord.
Fetus: Essential life systems (respiration, digestion, and vision) finish developing, the fetus experiences tastes and hears sounds.
Amniotic fluid: fluid that cushions the embryo and provides a constant temperature.
Age of viability: 22-28 weeks after conception, meaning that it has a chance of surviving if born prematurely.
Risk factors: inadequate Nutrition, stress, Age of the pregnant women,
Teratogens: an agent that causes abnormal prenatal development
Prenatal diagnosis: Ultrasounds can be used to see the fetus and chorionic villus sampling can be
Used to detect a suspected genetic disorder.
Stages of labor:
Stage 1- Dilated Cervix, and uterus contracts
Stage 2- head crowns, baby comes out.
Stage 3- Detached placenta
Childbirth approaches: Natural childbirth and medical procedures or medication help
Premature birth: Preterm babies are born before the 36th week, developmental delays usually vanish by two to three years of age.
Low birth weight: usually a result of mothers’ alcohol consumption or nutrition
Birth complications: Cephalopelvic disproportion, Irregular position, Preeclampsia, Prolapsed umbilical cord
In vitro fertilization: a medical procedure that helps couples conceive when they cannot do it naturally.
Infant mortality rate: percentage of infants who die before their 1st birthday.
Many women in the U.S. receive inadequate or no prenatal care.
Eugenics: the attempt to alter human genetics to improve someone.
Reflexes: Babinski, Blink, Moro, Palmar, Rooting, Stepping, Sucking, Withdrawal
Apgar Test: a test that assess a newborns health right after they are born.
Swaddling: wrapping a baby in a blanket to restrict their movement
Newborn states – alert inactivity: calm with eyes open; taking in the environment
Newborn states – waking activity: eyes are open and unfocused; bursts of uncoordinated motion
Newborn states – sleeping: eyes closed; at times, still and breathing regularly; at other times, moving gently and breathing irregularly
Different kinds of crying
Basic cry: soft and gradual, then more intense
Mad cry: more intense version of the basic cry
Pain cry: sudden long burst of crying followed by a long pause and gasping
REM sleep: Half of newborn’s sleep is irregular/rapid-eye movement, sleep drops to 25% by the first birthday
Sudden infant death syndrome: Sudden death of an apparently healthy baby, Happens to 1-3 American babies out of 1,000
Temperament: a consistent style or pattern of behavior
Malnourished: One in four children worldwide under the age of five is malnourished
Breast feeding benefits: Breast milk is the best way to ensure proper nourishment
Neuron: make up the brain
Myelin: Axons begin to acquire myelin at seven months after conception
Synaptic pruning: only active synapses remain.
Motor skills: different muscle movements; sitting up, walking, grabbing onto things
Locomote: Locomotor skills improve rapidly in the 15 months after birth, and progress can be measured by many developmental milestones.
Fine motor skills: grasping involves coordinating the movement of individual fingers
Perception: how the brain perceives, selects, modifies, and organizes impulses
Theory of mind: a native understanding of the relations between mind and behavior
Schemes: psychological structures that organize experience
Assimilation: new experiences are incorporated into an existing schema
Accommodation: schemes are modified based on a new experience
Equilibrium: outmoded ways of thinking are replaced by different, more advanced schemes
Sensorimotor period: Infancy ( birth to 2 years)
Preoperational thinking: Egocentrism, Centration, Appearance as reality
Object permanence: 4 ½-month-olds show some understanding of object permanence
Mental hardware: mental and neural structures that are built in and that allow the mind to operate
Mental software: mental “programs” that are the basis for performing particular tasks
Attention: processes that determine which information is processed further by an individual
Autobiographical memory: people’s memory of the experience/events of their own lives
Zone of proximal development: there is only a certain period of time to teach the child something (example tying a shoe)
Scaffolding: As children progress, the teacher stops giving directions and begins only giving reminders
Private speech: comments that children give themselves to help regulate their own behavior
Phonemes: unique sounds that can be used to create words
Infant-directed speech: in which they speak slowly and with exaggerated changes in pitch and loudness.
Crying, cooing, babbling: Babbling, speech-like sounds with no meaning, emerge after cooing
Fast mapping: a child’s connections between words and references that are made so quickly that he or she cannot consider all possible meanings of the word
Telegraphic speech: includes only words directly relevant to meaning
Overregularization: applying grammatical rules to words that are the exceptions to the rule
Trust and mistrust: With a proper balance of trust and mistrust, infants develop hope: openness to new experience while knowing the possibility of danger
Autonomy and shame/doubt: Understanding that child can control his/her actions (autonomy) counteracts with doubt and shame
Attachment: According to Bowlby, children who form an attachment (close socioemotional relationship) with an adult are more likely to survive
Secure attachment: Baby might not cry when mother leaves the room, but wants to be with her when she returns
Resistant attachment: Baby is upset when mother leaves, still upset and hard to console when she returns; Type of insecure attachment
Disorganized attachment: Baby is confused when mother leaves and returns; acts in contradictory ways towards mother; Type of insecure attachment
Basic emotions: experienced by people worldwide and consist of subjective feeling, physiological change, and overt behavior
Stranger wariness: emerges at approx. six months; indicates fear
Social referencing: infants look to their parents for cues on how to interpret a situation
Emotional regulation:
Solitary play: Coloring, doing puzzles, playing with Legos®, etc.
Parallel play: each child plays alone but is interested in what the other is doing
Cooperative play: play takes on a distinct theme and children play roles
Enabling exchange: Girls typically use enabling actions to support interaction
Constricting exchange: Boys use constricting actions to create competition
Prosocial behavior: behavior that benefits another person
Social roles: a set of behaviors, rights, obligations, that are associated with a particular status in society
Gender stereo type: a generalized view or preconception about attributes or characteristics
Relational aggression: hurting others by damaging their relationships with peers
Gender identity: a person’s internal and individual experience of gender