Untitled Flashcards Set

Genotype: a person’s complete set of genes 

Phenotype: Observable features that result from the interaction between a person’s genes and the environment 

Germ disc: Small cluster of cells in the center of the zygote 

Placenta: Cells closet to the uterus that become the placenta 

Zygote: The fertilized egg 

Embryo: Week 3-8, has the amniotic sack and umbilical cord.  

Fetus: Essential life systems (respiration, digestion, and vision) finish developing, the fetus experiences tastes and hears sounds.  

Amniotic fluid: fluid that cushions the embryo and provides a constant temperature. 

Age of viability: 22-28 weeks after conception, meaning that it has a chance of surviving if born prematurely. 

Risk factors: inadequate Nutrition, stress, Age of the pregnant women, 

Teratogens: an agent that causes abnormal prenatal development 

Prenatal diagnosis: Ultrasounds can be used to see the fetus and chorionic villus sampling can be  

Used to detect a suspected genetic disorder. 

Stages of labor:  

Stage 1- Dilated Cervix, and uterus contracts 

Stage 2- head crowns, baby comes out.  

Stage 3- Detached placenta 

Childbirth approaches: Natural childbirth and medical procedures or medication help 

Premature birth: Preterm babies are born before the 36^th week, developmental delays usually vanish by two to three years of age. 

Low birth weight: usually a result of mothers’ alcohol consumption or nutrition 

Birth complications: Cephalopelvic disproportion, Irregular position, Preeclampsia, Prolapsed umbilical cord 

In vitro fertilization: a medical procedure that helps couples conceive when they cannot do it naturally. 

Infant mortality rate: percentage of infants who die before their 1^st birthday. 

Many women in the U.S. receive inadequate or no prenatal care. 

Eugenics: the attempt to alter human genetics to improve someone. 

Reflexes: Babinski, Blink, Moro, Palmar, Rooting, Stepping, Sucking, Withdrawal 

Apgar Test: a test that assess a newborns health right after they are born.  

Swaddling: wrapping a baby in a blanket to restrict their movement 

Newborn states – alert inactivity: calm with eyes open; taking in the environment 

Newborn states – waking activity: eyes are open and unfocused; bursts of uncoordinated motion 

Newborn states – sleeping: eyes closed; at times, still and breathing regularly; at other times, moving gently and breathing irregularly 

Different kinds of crying 

• Basic cry: soft and gradual, then more intense 

• Mad cry: more intense version of the basic cry 

• Pain cry: sudden long burst of crying followed by a long pause and gasping 

REM sleep: Half of newborn’s sleep is irregular/rapid-eye movement, sleep drops to 25% by the first birthday 

Sudden infant death syndrome: Sudden death of an apparently healthy baby, Happens to 1-3 American babies out of 1,000 

Temperament: a consistent style or pattern of behavior 

Malnourished: One in four children worldwide under the age of five is malnourished  

Breast feeding benefits: Breast milk is the best way to ensure proper nourishment 

Neuron: make up the brain 

Myelin: Axons begin to acquire myelin at seven months after conception 

Synaptic pruning: only active synapses remain. 

Motor skills: different muscle movements; sitting up, walking, grabbing onto things 

Locomote: Locomotor skills improve rapidly in the 15 months after birth, and progress can be measured by many developmental milestones. 

Fine motor skills: grasping involves coordinating the movement of individual fingers 

Perception: how the brain perceives, selects, modifies, and organizes impulses 

Theory of mind: a native understanding of the relations between mind and behavior 

Schemes: psychological structures that organize experience 

Assimilation: new experiences are incorporated into an existing schema 

Accommodation: schemes are modified based on a new experience 

Equilibrium: outmoded ways of thinking are replaced by different, more advanced schemes 

Sensorimotor period: Infancy ( birth to 2 years) 

Preoperational thinking: Egocentrism, Centration, Appearance as reality  

Object permanence: 4 ½-month-olds show some understanding of object permanence 

Mental hardware: mental and neural structures that are built in and that allow the mind to operate 

Mental software: mental “programs” that are the basis for performing particular tasks 

Attention: processes that determine which information is processed further by an individual 

Autobiographical memory: people’s memory of the experience/events of their own lives 

Zone of proximal development: there is only a certain period of time to teach the child something (example tying a shoe) 

Scaffolding: As children progress, the teacher stops giving directions and begins only giving reminders 

Private speech: comments that children give themselves to help regulate their own behavior 

Phonemes: unique sounds that can be used to create words 

Infant-directed speech: in which they speak slowly and with exaggerated changes in pitch and loudness. 

Crying, cooing, babbling: Babbling, speech-like sounds with no meaning, emerge after cooing 

Fast mapping: a child’s connections between words and references that are made so quickly that he or she cannot consider all possible meanings of the word 

Telegraphic speech: includes only words directly relevant to meaning 

Overregularization: applying grammatical rules to words that are the exceptions to the rule 

Trust and mistrust: With a proper balance of trust and mistrust, infants develop hope: openness to new experience while knowing the possibility of danger 

Autonomy and shame/doubt: Understanding that child can control his/her actions (autonomy) counteracts with doubt and shame 

Attachment: According to Bowlby, children who form an attachment (close socioemotional relationship) with an adult are more likely to survive 

Secure attachment: Baby might not cry when mother leaves the room, but wants to be with her when she returns 

Resistant attachment: Baby is upset when mother leaves, still upset and hard to console when she returns; Type of insecure attachment 

Disorganized attachment: Baby is confused when mother leaves and returns; acts in contradictory ways towards mother; Type of insecure attachment 

Basic emotions: experienced by people worldwide and consist of subjective feeling, physiological change, and overt behavior 

Stranger wariness: emerges at approx. six months; indicates fear 

Social referencing: infants look to their parents for cues on how to interpret a situation 

Emotional regulation:  

Solitary play: Coloring, doing puzzles, playing with Legos®, etc. 

Parallel play: each child plays alone but is interested in what the other is doing 

Cooperative play: play takes on a distinct theme and children play roles 

Enabling exchange: Girls typically use enabling actions to support interaction 

Constricting exchange: Boys use constricting actions to create competition 

Prosocial behavior: behavior that benefits another person 

Social roles: a set of behaviors, rights, obligations, that are associated with a particular status in society 

Gender stereo type: a generalized view or preconception about attributes or characteristics 

Relational aggression: hurting others by damaging their relationships with peers 

Gender identity: a person’s internal and individual experience of gender