Unit 8, Part 1: World War I and the Russian Revolution

Wilhelm II

Summary

• German emperor (new 1890)

• Didn’t agree with “friendliness” toward Russia

• No more German/Russian non-agression- leads to French and Russian relationships

Significance

• This led to the rivalry and division between the Triple Alliance (Austria Germany and Italy) vs the Dual Alliance- (Russia and France)

Triple Alliance

Summary

• Austria Germany and Italy

Significance

• One of the main “groups” in WW1

Anglo-German rivalry 

Summary

• Germans and British people thought they were natural allies bc they were ethnically German

• Good relationships between Prussia and Great Britain lead to rivalry

Significance

• This led to an arms race political tensions and hostilities

First Moroccan Crisis

Summary

• Morroco (but France has colonies) was declared by german as “free”, Germany wanted equal trading rights as France

Significance

• Almost led to german and france war

• International conference over the moroccan question- brought france and britain closer- germany is getting fomo

• Diplomatic rev,- germany is a threat- lead to triple entente

Triple Entente

Summary

• A alliance between britian russia and france

• Created by the anglo russian agreement

Significance

• Created differenciations and conflicts between teh two distintive groups (alliance and entente)

Second Moroccan Crisis

Summary

• French people go into morocco to squash the anti-colnial rebellions

Significance

• Germany sends a gunboat

Significance

• International agreements = france takes over morocco as protectorate and not colony anymore- germany has to give up land

naval buildup*

Summary

• Germany expands its fleets 

• Big gun battleships = dreadnoughts

Significance

• German people are like oooo nationa pride but the brits are like >;( omg is this a military challenge!

Militarism

Summary

• Becomes more widespread

• Countries want strong militiaries

Significance

• International relations sre meant to test- they are getting edgey

• Shaped public policy

• Moblizition plans due to political and diplomatic tensions

Nationalism

Summary

• Nations feels of pride and “superiority”

Significance

• Lead to farther agressions and competitions such as arms races and wanting to militarize

• Colonial tensions

• No war is betrayla bc being nationalist is being a big strong man who goes to war

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Summary

• Heir to the Austro-hungarian throne killied by a siberian revolutionary

• Killer wanted yugoslavian nationalism- freedom from austria

Significance

• Lead to WW1

• July crisis- serbia should be punished- war on serbia

• All the alliances come back lols (they dumb)

Gavrilo Principal

Summary

• Member of a radical group known as young bosnia

• Siberian revolutionary- wanted unification of all yugoslavs

Significance

• Lead to world war 1

Black Hand*

Summary

• Siberian military group that wanted siberian nationalism

• Yugoslavic nationalism

Significance

• Anti austrian nationalism- lead to bad 

First & Second Balkan Wars

Summary

• First- Serbia + Greece + Bulgarian vs ottomans

• Second- Bulgaria vs Serbia and Greece- austria interweenes and serbia gives up albania

Significance

• Ottomans die 

• Balkan nationalists want freedom!

July Crisis 

Summary

• B/c archduke ferdinand assination- intense diplomatic acitvity

Significance

• Serbia deserves punishment- they are liable for assasination

• Leads to austrias declaration of war on serbia

“blank check”

Summary

• Germanys faithful standby of its ally in times of war

• Unconditional support

• Serbias allies = france and russia

• Austria= germany

Significance

• World war

Schlieffen Plan

Summary

• Germanys preparation of a two front war between france and russia-

• Quick france victory through nuetral belgium

• Turn on russia

Significance

• Belgium is pissed bc germans didn’t accept their nuetrailty they declare war in germany

total war

Summary

• Everyone participates! (Aka new roles)

• Economies all abt the war effort, it effects lit everyone

Significance

• No more civil liberties ~ womp womp people sad

• Expansion beyond europe

• Big support for war effort- battle lines blurred bc everyone is slaving awayyy

stalemate* 

Summary

• On the western front when neither side could make big gains because they were hindered by things like trench warfare (not prepared for war womp womp)

Significance

• Basically no advantage for either side

• No advantages on the western front

• People die lol

Battle of Marne

Summary

• French attacks german line gap

• France vs germany (some british)

Significance

• France saved

• Germany stoped from advancing to paris (alr invade belgium)

• No full german victory

Trench warfare

Summary

• People dug trenches for artillery protection

• Lots of new defensive positions created

Significance

• More lives lost, less teritory won

Machine guns

Summary

• Fast guns that use aircooled technology and used in air-warfare

• Industrial age

Significance

• Made war deadly

• Contributed to trench warfare

tanks

Summary

• Moved armored vehicular equipment, guns, cannons

• Could go through things

Significance

• Finished trench stalemate

poisonous gas

Summary

• Surprise gas that was very deadly

• Put into arteritly shells and shot into trenchs

Significance

• Killed people

• As its used people use it less and less bc its bad

Central Powers*

Summary

• Evolution of the triple alliance, version when they fought in the war

• German Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria (ottoman and bulgaria join, Italian side switching)

Significance

• Major side that fought in the war

Battle of the Somme

Summary

• British offensive undertaken

• Northern france

• British art on german lines~~ move from trenches and go to the inbetween place

• Germans dying in trench places

Significance

• British push germans back (just seven miles womp womp)

• So many people die- (british mostley b/c they dumb)

• Trench warfare 🥶scary

WWI poetry

Summary

• Trauma= cultural creation

• Trench poets

• Scary poem= reality

Significance

• War tradgeies- hopes and disspaointments ref.

• Some reflect disconenet for war while some shown nationalism- (brutal)

Italian side-switching

Summary

• First is Triple alliance

• 1914- neutral b/c austria violates pact (agression /war)

• 1915- triple entente (bc they want austrian territory)

Significance

• Many italian people die

• Helped entente + germany sustain

Armenian genocide

Summary

• Ottomans join autria + Germany(central powers)

• Serbian conflicts start arising= lead to war in middle east

• Ottoman and russia fight near armaniens

• Armenians welcomed russians b/c they are liberating- others not happy, ottoman get mass deportation of armenians

Significance

• Many armenians die

• No more armenian identidy in ottoman empire (decreased)

Battle of Gallipoli

Summary

• British forces are trying to take Dardanelles and constantinople (ottomans have them)

• Long ten month long battle- people die

Significance

• British fails (LLL)

• Insitgators and make arabs wanna revolt in ottoman(its alr crumbling btw)

War in the Ottoman Empire & East Asia

Summary

• Hussien ibn-ali is a leader- works w britain and claims himself king- war agasint turks

• British start getting victories in ottoman empire- claiming land

• Spread to east asia and africa

Significance

• Japan expands its influence

• Since their is more focus on colonial revolts- german states at advantage

• Non-europeans involoved

Lusitania

Summary

• Germans sinking a so called passenger ship (but transporting milt stuff)

• Us citizens die

Significance

• Nuetrality turned over- america warrrr

Zimmerman Note*

Summary

• Note to mexico from germany- says we support if u join- want to give us tert. To mexico

Significance

• Americans angry- they join

unrestricted submarine warfare

Summary

• Germans getting brutal- they sink ANYTHING (result ofnaval blockade made by britain and france) (they bas. Did this to themselves lol)

• The seas can’t escape the germans~~~ nothing is safe 🌊

• Want to get britians supply lines- use submarine and kill kill kil

Significance

• Leads to things like lustiana

• US is getting angry…..

War Raw Materials Board

Summary

• Germans planned economy strats so war is smooothhhhh

• System of distribution of goods

• Everything gets rationed (EVERYTHING)

Significance

• Produce subs- when war suppl get low they have backup

• But didn’t tax~ inflation black market + conflict

Auxiliary Service Law

Summary

• Another law in german

• Men between 17-60 can only do things critical to war effort (they gotta help)

Significance

• War production increase

Changing role of women during war

Summary

• Demand of workers + jobs = women work

• Skilled indus. jobs

Significance

• Gender roles atti. Changed~ women good, but temp.

• New sexual freedom (expre.)

• Voting rights after the war

“lost generation”

Summary

• Many soldiers die

• They are lost b/c they don’t know what to do

• Adulthood ww1

Significance

• Disillusioned people after the war

Easter Rising

Summary

• Irish nationalists revolt against British rule

• Took Dublin- say Irish is ind. republic

Significance

• Anti-British in Ireland

• Crushed by the British lol- they killed them ☠

• Set the stage for the Irish Civil War + independence later

Czar Nicholas II 

Summary

• Tzar of Russia

• Kinda united under him~ everyone supported

• Leaves to fight- but conditions are terrible!

• Says no pop involvement in government

Significance

The Duma

Summary

• Russian assembly with advisory functions

• Excluded from leadership during this time

• Educated middle class

Significance

• Caused people to become critical of tsar

• Tried to upheaval gov in part of progressive bloc- wanted gov under rule of duma

Rasputin

Summary

• Uneducated siberian preacher appointed by alexandria

• Healing alexis from hemophillia lol

• Took everyone else out of office (alexanderia hes the replacement)

Significance

• Overall undermined tsar gov

February Revolution

Summary

• Caused by : Soldiers dessert, leads to bad economy

• Revolutions break out- tsar says to soilders stop thisss~ soldiers join 😭

Significance

• Duma takes power and starts provisional gov, get rid of tsar

Provisional Government

Summary

• Emergecy gov created bc of political void

• Lead by Alexander kerensky

• Granted lots of freedoms (think american const.

• Keeps russia in the war

Significance

• People unhappy b/c keeps russia in the war

Petrograd Soviet of  Workers’ & Soldiers’ Deputies

Summary

• Group that provisional government had to share rights with

• Radical orders

• Took sig away from prov.

Significance

• Highly socialist, got rid of army authority

• Land reforms lololol

Vladimir Lenin

Summary

• A revolutionary leader that took power as the provisional government fell

• Wants violent revolution, agarian society, human leadership

• Leader of bolshievieks

Significance

• Revolutionary movements

Leninism*

Summary

• Lenins interpretation of marxism: Dictatorshipover proletariat lead by revolutionary

• Happens to ease into communism

Significance

• What lenin is trying in the bolshevik party

Bolsheviks 

Summary

• Revolutionary group headed by lenin

• Petrograd party- Russian social democrats

• Gorup of russian marxists

• Majority group

Significance

• October rev come into power

Mensheviks

Summary

• Other Petrograd group

• Minority

Significance

• Joined white army- opps

Peace, Land, & Bread

Summary

• Lenins promise

• Earned bolshevik party support

Significance

Leon Trotsky

Summary

• Lenin supporter who brings the party into power

• Marxist and orator lowkey fine af

Significance

• October military revolution- leader

• Bolshevik power

October Revolution

Summary

• Bolsheviks sieze gov in provisional government

• Arrest provisional gov peoples

Significance

• Get full soviet power- lenin is head of gov

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Summary

• Treaty to end russias participation in ww1- gave land away to central powers

Significance

• Less peoples

The Whites

Summary

• Anti bolshievik- hate communism

Significance

• Part in civil war

Russian civil war

Summary

• Reds vs whites

• Counter rev die

Significance

• Retake treaty from germany they lost is breast-listok4

Red Army

Summary

• Communsits army est bytrsotky

• strict

Significance

• Winnrrss

War Communism

Summary

• Eco system of russia during time

• Harsh central controls, full mo bilization

• No private enterprise

• Rationing

• Diucispline

Significance

• Helps them win

Cheka

Summary

• Lenin secret popo- kill people who didn’t follow them

• Creates fear

Significance

• Tool of gov and helps win war also

armistice

Summary

• Ended WW1

• Basicallt like dont fight anymore lol

Significance

• Ceasefireeee

Democratic Successor States*

Summary

• Major states that emerged as world wor 1 ended

• Autrohungarian empire bad these form

Significance

• Financially aided by usa and started like democratic policies after the war- self dertmienation blah blah blah- didn’t perceclt work

Weimar Republic

Summary

• Dem gov in germany thats gonna lead it

Significance

• Bolsheviks sad bc they wanna spread communism like cooties

Treaty of Versailles

Summary

• Clauses of ending the war, blamed stuff of germany pretty sad for them

• Meeting in paris to find a peace agreement

Significance

• Germany caused it they can pay and give back land and demilitarize- they are angry aka ww11

Fourteen Points

Summary

• Woodrow wilson says open diplomacy and no arms

• Freedom

• Trade

• Legue of nation

• peace= self dert.

Significance

Woodrow Wilson

Summary

• Us president that created thse ideas

Significance

• Post war peace and prevent future conflict

League of Nations

Summary

• International body to peacefully resolove conflicts and prevent ww1 again (womp womp didn’t work)

Significance

• Us iddea and us no join,, nothign rlly hspp

self-determination 

Summary

• People chose own gov

• Dem

• Permaanet borders

Significance

• Woodrow wilson wants peace based on this idea

Big Three

Summary

• Us great britian and france

• Controlled confrence where imp things are decided

Significance

• “victory”

war guilt clause

Summary

• Germany cause war = germany pay

Significance

• WW2

Sykes-Picot Agreement

Summary

• Britian and france agreement that ottoman empire turns into mandates

Significance

mandate system

Summary

• European nations have authority ntill they can stand alone

• Eventual independence (they dont wanna tehy want wpower)

Significance

• Arabs unhappt

Balfour Declaration 

Summary

• Jewish natural home in paletine

Significance

• Arabs more angy (in the region)- promised by british orignally

General Syrian Congress

Summary

• Arab nationalists in damascus

• Want politcal ind- syria is indepdant!

Significance

• Unsuccsesful

• French attack syria

Mustafa Kemal

Summary

• Led turkish nationalist movement

• Got trukey to be basicaly ind

Significance

“ethnic cleansing” in Lausanne

Summary

• Greeks have to leave turkey lands go to greek- muslims go to tuek

• Tensions

• Disaster- hard

Significance

1917 Influenza

Summary

• Military transport ships carry flu

• People duie

Significance

“shell shock”

Summary

• Ptsd

• People ridiculed, no health recieved

Significance

veterans with disabilities

Summary

• People didn’t hire them

• They beg

Significanc