HISTOPATHOLOGY LEC & LAB

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• Treatment of hard, dense tissues:

  • Use 40% aqueous phenol for 24-72 hours to soften tough keratin components.

  • Inadequate processing leads to soft and mushy tissue in the center.

  • Cut thin sections, especially for fatty tissues, to ensure complete fixation.

• Staining of Carbohydrates:

  • Various stains like Periodic Acid Shiff/PAS, Best Carmine, Langhan’s Iodine Method, etc., are used for different purposes.

  • Techniques like Alcian Blue, Toluidine Blue, and Mucicarmine are employed for specific carbohydrate staining.

• Staining of Proteins:

  • Stains like Alkaline Fast Green Method and Peracetic Acid - Alcian Blue are used for different types of proteins.

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• Staining of Fats or Lipids:

  • Stains like Sudan Black, Oil Red O, and Nile Blue Sulfate are used for lipid staining.

  • Methods like Osmic Acid Stain and Toluidine Blue Acetone Method are employed for specific lipid components.

• Staining of Enzymes:

  • Various methods like Gomori Calcium Method, Lead Method, and Tetrazolium method are used for enzyme staining.

• Staining of Bone Marrow & Blood Elements:

  • Stains like Rapid Toluidine - Eosin and Wright’s - Giemsa - Jennifer are used for specific blood elements.

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• Staining of Connective Tissue:

  • Techniques like Gomori Silver Impregnation, Van Gieson, and Masson’s Trichrome Stain are used for different connective tissue components.

  • Various methods like Kraijan’s Technique and Methyl Violet - Crystal Violet Method are employed for staining elastic fibers and amyloid.

• Staining of Nucleic Acid:

  • Feulgen’s technique and Methyl Green-Pyronin Method are used for staining DNA and RNA.

• Staining of Muscle and Bone:

  • Techniques like Modified Gomori’s Technique and Mallory’s Phosphotungstic Acid Hematoxylin are used for muscle and bone staining.

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• Staining of Central Nervous System:

  • Techniques like Bielschowsky Technique and Bodian’s Stain are used for staining neural tissues.

  • Various methods like Cresyl Fast Violet and Weigert Pal Technique are employed for specific neural components.

• Staining of Connective Tissue (continued):

  • Perl’s Prussian Blue and Gomori’s Prussian Blue are used for staining hemosiderin and iron pigments in connective tissues.

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• Modified Fouchet’s Technique

  • Used for liver bile pigments

  • Schmort’s Ferric Ferricyanide Method for reducing substances

  • Used for bile, lipofuscin, melanin

  • Used for argentaffin cells, chromaffin

  • Used for thyroid colloid

• Lipofuscin

  • Yellow-brown to reddish brown pigment

  • Produced by slow oxidation of lipids and lipoproteins

  • Found in hepatocytes, cardiac muscle cells, adrenal cortex, and other organs

• Melanin

  • Autogenous pigment (brown or black)

  • Normally found in the skin and eyes

  • Pathological disposition in benign lesions like nevus or melanoma

• Staining of MICROORGANISMS

  • Stain Grain Twort Stain for bacteria

  • Brown and Brenn for bacteria, nocardia, and actinomyces

  • Ziehl Neelsen Method for AFB

  • Wade Fire Technique for leprosy bacilli (M. Leprae) and nocardia

  • Auramine - Rhodamine Fluorescent Method for mycobacteria

  • Toluidine Blue Stain for Helicobacter

  • Cresyl Violet acetate method for Helicobacter

  • Dieterle Method for legionella pneumophila

  • Warthin - Starry Method for spirochetes

  • Grocott Methamine Silver (GMS) for fungi

  • Lendrum’s Phloxine - Tartrazine Method for viral inclusions

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• Orcein Method

  • Used for hepatitis B surface antigen

• Rapid Giemsa

  • Used for blood and bone marrow parasites

  • Includes Leishmania, Malaria, Trypanosomes

  • Inclusion conjunctivitis, Toxoplasma, Spirochetes, and other bacteria

• Additional Stains

  • Stain Alizarin Red S for Calcium

  • Rhodizonate method for Lead salts

  • Sirius Red for Amyloid

  • Macchiavello’s stain for Rickettsiae and viral infections

  • Shikata’s Orcein method for Hepatitis B surface antigen

  • Goldner’s method for bone cells, Osteoblast, and Osteoclast

  • Weigert’s resorcin-fuchsin for Elastic fibers

  • Gordon’s and Sweet’s