Gender in Colonial Latin America
Coronation of Charlemagne
Colonialism - a practice in which a powerful group of people controls another and uses their resources
New island - virgin islands ( the ‘rape’ of resources) already associated with gender
The 1600s - a manmade construct of racism
Hernan Cortes - sent to discover the Americas, in 1519
Charles V - sends this guy^ to America, head of the church and state
Hernan lands on the Americas and runs into indigenous people
Montezuma - leader of the Aztec Empire (modern-day Mexico)
Hernan begins to explore and place their religion on religious figures and statues with crosses, ruin resources of nature, and fight with indigenous people
Makes his way over to the mainland and arrives at the capitol with his men
Conquistadors - conquer, groups of Spanish males, and they conquer other empires
3 G’s - goals of the conquistadors
They would seek slave labor when conquering
Aztecs with Gender
Malintzin
Female slaves were seen as domestic slaves (taking care of children, picking up cotton)
Inca Empire
(pic) Men and women participated in agriculture
Men associated with the sun (masculine sun god)
Women associated with the moon (feminine moon god)
When conquers came, only men were allowed to be in charge while women were now not in positions
Conquerors saw some women as witches
Women used this to their advantage and made the witch idea to fear them
Gender and the American Revolution
1775 - 13 colonies
Identified as British the people of the colonies and proud to be British.
Seven Years War
Stamp Tax - a tax on paper products and it goes to Britain
Women have the power of the purse and are in control of spending money for their families, so this makes them upset
Boycotts - particularly good being taxed and encouraging other women not to buy the products. Or encourage store owners to stop selling the product
Daughters of Liberty - a group of women who organized and did boycotts
Sons of Liberty - male counterparts, violently or intimidated people to boycott
Boston Tea Party - sons of liberty disguised as native Americans and dumped cargo into the water.
British sent troops
Colonists hoarded weapons
British came to take weapons
The first shot around the world is the beginning of the American Revolution in Concord, Massachusetts
July 2nd, 1776 - vote to declare independence from the British
July 4th, 1776 - The Declaration of Independence is written
American Revolution War(s) is 7 years long
1783 - peace treaty with the British and America becomes an independent country
Thomas Jefferson believed women had no place in politics as women were seen as too promiscuous or could make a man fall in love with them
New Jersey was the only state that let women vote 100 years before the right for women to vote
1807 - changed the pronoun to male
Increase of children out of wedlock
Sex work was increasing in Philadelphia
Brothels or sex from servants
Married women have affairs
If women have affairs they could get pregnant
Men had more freedom of movement than women, especially with jobs
Entertainment - theaters, dancing studios, horse race, etc
Men could engage in gambling and drinking
Philadelphia in the 1770s required child support and men were legally required to
Rise of sexually transmitted diseases and a lot got them
Topics about sex would be published to the public in newspapers, pamphlets
Almanacs - annual publication listing information about one or multiple topics
Tavern Scenes by William Hogarth makes a joke about Americans sent to the British
After the revolution, the idea of women in society became more important
Gender and The French Revolution
France makes a series of decisions very poorly economically, the 7 years war
Seven Years' War - war between British and France, France lost the money. Also losing their colonies in America. Losing power
1775 - American colonists independence and then the French invested in the American colonies with no money to get back at the British
Don’t open up trading routes with the French and they don’t get out of the win
The French economy debt is the monarchy's personal debt
Louis XVI
Mistresses are seen as approachable for people to have a word with the king and rely upon messages
Marie Antoinette
French thought Germany was associated with lesbianism, associated with having a relationship with women because she was Austrian
The French press made her less popular with rumored affairs with other men or even women
Rose = Austrian monarchy
Lily = French monarchy
Marie wore undergarments in painting and dressed casually
She has a fake village for she and her friends could play peasants in it
No taxes for clergy or high status, only people who are struggling
Bourgeoisie - members of the upper middle class through their own work.
Ancien Regime - meaning Ancient Regime for the royal family
1788 - horrible drought, many people in France starved and the wheat crop got weak
Estates-General - a legislated body that the king calls together to solve a problem
Each estate gets one vote, but not equal votes
The 3rd estate decides to meet in the royal tennis court and work together to make a new constitution called the Tennis Court Oath
National Assembly - new name for the 3rd estate. Represent the people of France
Storm of the Bastille - July 14th, 1789
Women march on Versailles - women are angry about bread prices and walk from Paris to Versaille
National Assembly doesn't want women after they ask to have a say or involvement
Radical sits on the left and conservative sits on the right
Jacobins - radicals are against the monarchy
Declaration of Man and Citizen - inspired by the American Declaration of Independence
King is demoted from King of France to King of the French People
50,000 out of 25 million
Olympe De Gouges - Feminist and writer
Jacobins gained controlled
Robespierre - leads the jacobins
Marianne - fictional women
Tricolor Cockade
Committee for Public Safety - anyone who politically disagrees with the revolution is hunted down and declared enemies of the revolution
Louis is executed by guillotine and the Marie Antnotte
As well Catholics, Robespierre, and others who were monarchists executed
Reign of Terror
From September of 1793 - 1794
Liberty, brotherhood, and equality - replace the father, son, and holy spirit
Sans-culotte - men in the revolution, men wore pants instead of stockings
Gender and the Haitian Revolution
Transatlanic slave trade
1650 - African slaves were sent to the colonies to make sugar, coffee, and tobacco plantations
10,000 per year
1700 - 20,000 African slaves per year
1800 - 60,000 African slaves per year
Worked on fields, from dawn to dark, failed to meet these requirements were abused
Chattel Slavery - is where someone is owned and seen as legal property
This leads to greater violence and owners could do anything
Slaves had limited family time but sometimes could get married
Slave owners were considered owners of a whole family (emasculating the men who were slaves)
Slaves did not live long lives
Slaves then need to be replaced due to younger death rates
Haiti - Saint Domingue (french name)
1654 - when the plantation was made
1790s - tension rises
Maroons - runaway slaves who were men
Vodou - traditional African religion and colonialism
Mambos - Women were priestesses. Women would disrupt information and marketplaces would become important places to share ideas for the revolution
Haitian Revolution 1791 -1804
Toussaint L’ouverture
Militarism becomes a huge part of masculinity, defined by their experience in revolution and their position in it
The idea of becoming a father becomes a huge part too and owning the position of being a father
Women do not have a significant role after the revolution
Signs a constitution in 1801
Toussaint is on the run with his family from Napoleon
Napoleon captures his wife
Toussaint dies but another person takes over and defeats Napoleon
France is upset after losing the colonial
Sarah Baartman
Gender and the Napoleonic Wars
Queen Louise (Prussia-modern day Germany) - consort
Political cartoons are made to make fun of Louise and her husband the king for going to war, a woman behind the war.
Bird is Napoleon, and is pushing the crown off the king, Louise is holding the king's private area and Louise is depicted as a man destroying war person
Landesmutter - People and Mother of Prussia people
Landesvater - People and father of Prussia people
Empress Josephine (France) - consort
British cartoon making fun of Josephine's life when she was powerless
Consort - woman married to the king or emperor in charge
Napoleon Bonaparte - from the island of Corsica near Italy.
Before the revolution
After the revolution
The Directory - a 5-member committee which ruled France at the end of the Revolution
Coup d’etat - sudden overthrow of the government, involving the military
Napoleon names himself Counsel of France
Consul = name of Roman leadership
He is obsessed with power for himself and his family
He takes over the popular press
Gains enough power to crown himself Emperor
Using the symbols of monarchy without calling it a monarchy
Napoleonic Code
1803 - 1815 Napolenic Wars
Major Mistake 1
Major Mistake 2
Defeated by many others and sent to exile on the island of Elba
Defeated again during the Battle of Waterloo
Gender in Victorian England
Queen Victoria
Victorian Era - 1820 - 1900
Separate Spheres - the idea of two sexes operating in two different domains in society.
Men - work, politics, war
Women - home, servants, social
Overlap: children or money
Gender, Imperialism, and Africa
Yoruba - ethnic group and people who live in modern-day Nigeria
Dahomey - a kingdom
Seh-Dong-Hong-Beh leader of the Amazon troops of Dahomey
Vitoria - a slave named Antino
The 1990s - The invention of Women “making an African sense of Western gender discourses”
Before European contact: Power in society was organized by concepts of seniority, not by gender
Yoruba women
Imperialism - state policy of political and often financial dominance over a foreign territory. Taking over a group of people and adding them to another empire
Many countries would use race to justify taking over places
Scramble for Africa - a period in which 7 European powers fought to invade and defy Africa. Including Belgium, Germany, Spain, France, Britain, Italy, and Portugal.
1880 -10% under European control
1914 - almost 90% under European control
Allowed some African men to hold lower positions of power.
Indirect rule - system introduced by the British government where it recognized local authority, specifically masculine.
Gender and World War 1
Fin-de-siecle Malaise - translates the end of the century and malaise as a fear of worry
Many people were concerned about the rise of socialism
Racism - people become more anxious about others and the United States had the fear of Zioniphobia which is the fear of immigration
Social Darwinism - organisms that are the fittest and strongest survive. (strongest and fittest race or who is undesirable like poor people)
Futurists- a group of writers and artists, came out of Milan, Italy.
Revolt and Car oil painting - change for the future, set in cities more progressive
1914: The Eve of WW1
Balkans - general part of Europe's southern/eastern countries
1912, 1913: small conflict war that involves Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia, Italy, etc.
Nationalism - intense pride of one's country, like superiority
Smaller countries are connected with bigger countries
Black Hand- nationalist, terrorist org. That emerges to disable the fight with Austria. Young radicals
Gavrilo Princip part of the Black Hand, assassinates Archduke Franz Ferdinand (of Austria and heir to the throne)
1914 - conspiracy to assassinate Franz Ferdinand and it is an unorganized plan.
WW1 reasons
Two major alliances:
Triple Entente: Consists of France, Britain, and Russia, later joined by Italy in 1915, then By the United States later on
Central Powers: Austria, Germany, and later in the war Ottomans
The Spirit of 1914: National Unity consists of women men, and older people in society. That their nation will win.
Disrupt the idea of gender from before WW1, including WW2 and the Cold War - almost like a total war
Great War = WW1
Two Masculine Identity:
Heroic identity: associated with the battlefront and men were expected to fight in the war, giving a white feather to a male means coward.
Be good sons, husbands, and fathers because of protecting their families, connected to the home
Trench Warfare is typically fought, with more technology like tanks and steel, as new weapons
The leading cause of death is from disease and injury
Otto Dix - painter
Shell Shock: (modern term is PTSD) When men came back from war, they are damaged
Women have to start to work in men's place in society at home
Make textiles for uniforms and backpacks for men on the battlefield in munition factories
Women pick up jaundice disease and are called canary girls because their skin is yellow from chemicals and explosives made
Women would wear khakis and be in units
Nurses
Dorothy Lawrence
Some women wanted to fight physical combat
Flora Sandes
Maria Bochkareva
Gender and Nazi Germany
The Spirt of 1914 in Germany
Adolf Hitler was a war vetren and was born in Austira
He was very interested in the male hero and sense of masculinity, disappointed when Germany loses
Nazi Germany had traditional ideas of masculinity
Hitler Youth
Expect to be tall, lean, chiseled, and blonde. Be healthy and strong to represent Germany.
Degenerative Art - deemed undesirable by the Nazi party
Otto Dix and Kathe Kollwitz were considered degenerative artists
Kathe Kollwitiz - makes a painting of the effects of WW1 on women
Womens Responsibilities
Cross of Honor of the German Mother - an award given to German mothers for raising or giving birth to healthy strong children. Three awards Bronze (4-5 children), Sliver (6-7 children), and Gold (8 or more children). Done on Mother's Day
Tracht ( traditional folk costume) - worn by women with and natural organic look to it.
The League of German Girls (BDM) - the role of being a good mother and wife, being passive and obedient towards men, and being taught what their mothers would do ( cooking and taking care of children).
Auxiliaries women also worked in Auschwitz by working as a secretary
Pink prisoner triangle badges were determined by whether a prisoner was homosexual
(The yellow triangle under is considered Jewish)
Weimar Republic - a lively gay community within the group, almost homosexual behavior is almost decriminalized but the Nazis came
Josef Kohout wrote a memoir called “The Men with the Pink Triangle”
Gender and The Cold War
Soviet Union = Communist reign
United States = Capitalists
Bolsheviks - a political group operating in Russia that supports the Soviets
Soviets- part of the Bolsheviks, are part workers committees that ran factories instead of Bousigze management
October Rev. - when Soviets take control of the factories and under Vladimir Lenin
Properganda poster has
Movements for women happened to give women roles in society
New family legal code in 1918
Alexandra Kollontai - role in the Revolutionary Party under Lenin
Problems occurred - child support to illegitimate children, divorce was not used properly, and feminist ideas were not supported by everyone.
Joseph Stolin comes into the picture and changes this
Divorce is not easy again and abortion is taken away under Stolin
365 million die and 19 million are civilisons
Poland 1 in 5 civilians
Russia 1 in 11 civillians
At the end of WW2, Russia was an ally of the United States.
Germany is left without a government. United States chose sizes with Germany
Berlin Wall: The anti-fascist protective barrier in 1961 didn't come down till 1989
Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) controlled by the United States, Britain, and France
German Democratic Republic (East Germany) controlled by the USSR
Cold War was more of a diplomatic talk between the United States and Russia
Kitchen Debate 1959 - Nixion visited Moscow an American exhibit to show Russians how American families live
Containment Culture and Gender - The United States wants to contain communism so it doesn't come into the United States
Nuclear Family - describes an American family. White mother, father, and two children. The core of the United States. The idea is to encourage fallout shelters
The Kinsey Reports - compared to the atomic bomb. Data within these reports demonstrated premarital intercourse, masturbating, homosexuality, and excessive marriage affairs. Disruptive of the nuclear family