Untitled Flashcards Set

Lab 11: Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

• Aerobic Cellular Respiration:

  • Reactants: Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and Oxygen (O₂)

  • Products: Carbon dioxide (CO₂), water (H₂O), and ATP (Energy)

• Why do cells undergo biochemical pathways?

  • Cells perform complex biochemical processes like cellular respiration to efficiently extract energy from glucose and store it as ATP. These processes also help manage waste products like CO₂ and H₂O.

• Fermentation:

  • Purpose: Provides an alternative energy pathway when oxygen is scarce, allowing cells to generate ATP through glycolysis, but without using the electron transport chain.

  • Byproducts:

    • Muscle Fermentation: Lactic acid (lactate)

    • Yeast Fermentation: Ethanol and CO₂

• Types of Cellular Respiration:

  • Aerobic Respiration (requires oxygen): Produces a higher yield of ATP (up to 38 ATP).

  • Anaerobic Respiration (does not require oxygen): Produces less ATP (typically 2 ATP).

• Algae Bead Experiment:

  • Color change indicates the level of CO₂ absorption, with CO₂ causing the solution to turn more acidic, and the algae beads either producing or absorbing CO₂ based on their metabolic activity.

• Bromothymol Blue:

  • Effect of CO₂: It turns yellow in the presence of CO₂, which lowers the pH of the solution. The CO₂ comes from cellular respiration or other processes that release CO₂.

• Pigments:

  • Molecules that absorb light energy. Example: Chlorophyll, carotenoids.

• Photosynthesis Phases:

  • Light-dependent reactions: Occur in the thylakoid membranes, require sunlight, produce ATP and NADPH.

  • Calvin Cycle (light-independent reactions): Occurs in the stroma, uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO₂ into glucose.

• Photosynthesis Reactants & Products:

  • Reactants: Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O)

  • Products: Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and oxygen (O₂)

• Graphing Absorbance Data:

  • Plot absorbance (y-axis) vs. wavelength (x-axis). The graph should include a clear title, labeled axes, and a best-fit line where applicable.

• Spectrophotometer:

  • Measures the absorbance or transmittance of light by a solution, allowing you to determine the concentration of pigments or other solutes.

• Paper Chromatography:

  • A technique used to separate different solutes (like pigments) in a mixture. Solutes move at different rates along the chromatography paper, separating them by their solubility and affinity for the solvent.

Lab 6: Mitosis, Meiosis, and Cell Division

• Stages of Mitosis:

  • Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

• Calculating Time Spent in Each Stage:

  • Use a microscope to count cells in each stage, then calculate the percentage of cells in each stage based on total cell count.

• Difference Between Mitosis and Meiosis:

  • Mitosis: Produces two identical daughter cells, maintains chromosome number (diploid).

  • Meiosis: Produces four genetically diverse haploid cells (gametes), reduces chromosome number by half.

• Cytokinesis:

  • Division of the cytoplasm following mitosis or meiosis, leading to two distinct daughter cells.

• Meiosis Events:

  • Includes crossing over (during prophase I), which exchanges genetic material between homologous chromosomes, contributing to genetic diversity.

• Gametogenesis:

  • Spermatogenesis: Production of sperm in males.

  • Oogenesis: Production of eggs in females.

Lab 8: Genetics and Punnett Squares

• Homozygous vs. Heterozygous Genotypes:

  • Homozygous: Both alleles are the same (e.g., AA or aa).

  • Heterozygous: Alleles are different (e.g., Aa).

• Monohybrid Cross (Punnett Square):

  • Monohybrid Cross: A cross between two organisms that are both heterozygous for one trait. You can predict the genotypic and phenotypic ratios.

• Dihybrid Cross:

  • A cross between two organisms that differ in two traits. Use a 4x4 Punnett square to calculate the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratios.

Lab 12: Ecology and Population Growth

• Ecology Terms:

  • Ecosystem: A community of living organisms interacting with their physical environment.

  • Community: A group of interacting species in the same area.

  • Population: A group of the same species living in a specific area.

• Types of Population Growth:

  • Exponential Growth: Growth without limits, often occurs in ideal conditions.

  • Logistic Growth: Growth that slows as the population reaches carrying capacity.

• Population Growth Equations:

  • The general formula is dN/dt = rN(1 - N/K), where:

    • N is the population size.

    • r is the growth rate.

    • K is the carrying capacity of the environment.

• Birth Rate/Death Rate Calculations:

  • Birth rate is the number of births per unit time.

  • Death rate is the number of deaths per unit time.

• Carrying Capacity:

  • The maximum population size that the environment can sustain indefinitely.

• Resource Limitation:

  • When resources (food, water, space) become scarce, it can limit the population growth, leading to logistic growth.