psychological statistics module 1-4 reviewer

the set of all individuals of interest in a particular study. it usually denoted   or represented by N (buong set ng tao ang tinutukoy sa research)-Population

A scientific body of knowledge that deals with the collection, organization, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data-Statistics

It is a set of individuals selected from the population, usually intended to represent the population in a research study. it is usually denoted or represented by “n” (Mga tao or data na galing sa population)-Sample

It is any numerical or nominal characteristic of the population. it is a value or measurement obtained from the population \n (Data or results na galing sa population)-Parameter

is an estimate of a parameter. it is any value or measurement obtained from sample \n (Data or results na galing naman sa sample)-Statistic

a characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals. example: age, gender, grades, (Sakop n’ya ang classification of variables)-Variables

consists of separate, invisible categories. no values can exist between two neighboring categories (Whole numbers, nabibilang, hindi infinite )-Discrete variable

there are an infinite number of possible values that fall between any two observed values. \n (Infinite numbers, may decimal, pwedeng kalahati)-Continuous

facts ir set of information or observation under study. it is gathered by the researcher from a population or from a sample-Data

data obtained by measurement \n -Metric data

Data obtained by counting. \n -Enumeration data

data that can be classified into groups or categories of responses. \n -Categorical data

consists of a set of categories that have different names most primitive level of measurementIba-iba ang categories pero walang rank (gender, nationality, religion, color of skin)-Nominal scale

It consists of a set of categories that are organized in an order sequence. iba-iba ang categories pero may ranking (Siblings in a family, honor students in class, social class, clothing size)-Ordinal scale

it has an arbitrary zer0 point (Pwede maging negative ) (temperature)-interval scale

is anchored by a zero point that is not arbitrary but rather is a meaningful value representing none (a complete absence) of the variable being measured. Cant be negative (age) (height)-Ratio scale

is a statistical procedure used to summarize, organize, and simplify data. simply collecting and organizing lang ng data-Descriptive statistics

it consist of techniques that allow us to study samples and then make a generalization about the population from which they were selected. it involves decision making based on data at hand and employing some statistical test(analysis, interpret, predict, conclude, decision making)-Inferential statistics

it is the discrepancy, or amount of error, that exists between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter. -Sampling error

When the sampling is random, the maximum likely size of the sampling error is called-Margin error

is the process of taking a sample from a population \n -Sampling

is the procedure used to determine the individuals or members of the sample. \n -Sampling technique

It is a sampling technique wherein each member or element of the population has an equal chance of being selected as a member of the sample. \n ( walang bias sa pagkuha ng sample)-Probability sampling

It is a technique for drawing samples whereby each element of the population has an equal chance of being taken into the sample.-simple random sampling

It is a technique of choosing an element for every k elements of a a population where k = N/n2 where N is the population size and n is the sample size-Systematic sampling

It is a technique of dividing a population into groups, called strata, and sampling is done in each stratum.-stratified sampling

It is a technique of taking a sample from groups, and all the elements in those groups chosen will form the sample.-Cluster sampling

it is a sampling of various stage until the desired sampling units are obtained It is used in studies that cover a wide geographical area or substantially large population-Multi-stage sampling

It is a sampling technique wherein members of the sample are drawn from the population based on the judgment of the researcher.-Non-probability sampling

is used because of the convenience it offers to the researcher. Although convenience sampling may be used occasionally, but we cannot depend on it in making inferences about a population-convenience sampling

It is a technique of choosing sampling units from a given population which have a specific characteristics-Purposive sampling

is a sampling method that researchers apply when the subjects are difficult to trace. For example, it will be extremely challenging to survey shelter less people or illegal immigrants. In such cases, using the snowball theory, researchers can track a few categories to interview and derive results.-Snowball sampling

A technique of setting a sample size based on the nature of the data that are needed and taking the first sampling units that fulfill the required number or quota.-Quota sampling

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Presentation of data - Data must be presented in organized and systematic way. This refers to the organization of data into tables, graphs or charts, so that logical and statistical conclusions can be derived from the collected measurements.

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Ungrouped data - data that are not organized or if rearranged could be only from highest to lowest (array)

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Grouped data - data that arranged into different classes or categories

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Textual method - ungrouped data can be presented in textual form

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Table number - This is for easy reference to the table

Table title - It briefly explains the content of the table

Column header -  It describe the data in each column

Row classifier -  It shows the classes or categories

Body -  This is the main part of the table

Source note - This is placed below the table when the data written are not original

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Frequency distribution table - data that are arranged

Simple frequency distribution table - consist only of class interval and frequency

Complete frequency distribution table - consist of class interval, frequency, classmark or midpoint and class boundaries

Relative frequency distribution table - list of relative frequencies of the classes

Cumulative frequency / cumulative percentage distribution table - shows the number of cases falling below or above

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Graphical method - are graphical presentation of data to comprehend easily

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Frequency polygon - a line graph where the base is classmark and the height is frequency

Histogram - a graph where the base are classmark and heights is frequency

Pie chart - is a circle graph showing the proportion of each through relative frequency distribution

Ogive - the base is class boundaries and height is cumulative frequencies

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Summation notation - useful in writing formulas

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Measures of central tendency - indicate or locate the center of the distribution set

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Mean - it is obtained by taking the sum of all observations and dividing this sum by the number of observations

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Mean - it is the most appropriate measure of central tendency when the data are in the interval or ratio scale

Mean - computational average

Median - is the most appropriate measure of central tendency for interval data

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Median - positional average

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Mode - is the value which occurs most frequent in a set of measures of values

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Mode - is the value in a distribution which the highest frequency

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Mode - nominal average

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Fractiles - are measures of location or position which include

not only central location but also any position based on the number of equal divisions in a given

distribution.

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