Anth 102 exam 1

Applied Anthropology Applied anthropology refers to the application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems.

etic/emic refer to two kinds of field research done and viewpoints obtained; from within the social group (from the perspective of the subject) and from outside (from the perspective of the observer).

Ethnocentrism Ethnocentrism is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture

Ethnography Ethnography is the systematic study of people and cultures. It is designed to explore cultural phenomena where the researcher observes society from the point of view of the subject of the study

Ethnology Ethnology is the branch of anthropology that compares and analyzes the characteristics of different peoples and the relationship between them.

Holisim the theory that parts of a whole are in intimate interconnection, such that they cannot exist independently of the whole, or cannot be understood without reference to the whole, which is thus regarded as greater than the sum of its parts. Holism is often applied to mental states, language, and ecology.

Adaptation patterns of behavior which enable a culture to cope with its surroundings.

Anthropological Theory A set of

propositions about which aspects of

culture are critical, how they should

be studied, and what the goal of

studying them should be.

cultural ecology A theoretical position

in anthropology that focuses on the

adaptive dimension of culture.

culture and personality A theoretical position in anthropology that held that cultures could best be under stood by examining the patterns of child rearing and considering their effect on social institutions and adult lives.

Diffusion The spread of cultural elements from one society to another

Dominant Culture The culture with the greatest wealth and power in a society that consists of many sub cultures.

ecological functionalism A theoretical

position in anthropology that focuses

on the relationship between environment

and society.

Enculturation The process of learning

to be a member of a particular cultural

group

Ethnomedicine A focus within anthropology

that examines the ways

in which people in different cultures

understand health and sicknesses as

well as the ways they attempt to cure

disease.

ethnoscience A theoretical position in

anthropology that focuses on recording

and examining the ways in which

members of a culture use language

to classify and organize their cognitive

world

Functionalism A theoretical position in anthropology,

common in the fi rst half of the

20th century, that focuses on fi nding

general laws that identify diff erent

elements of society, show how they

relate to each other, and demonstrate

their role in maintaining social order

historical particularism A theoretical

position in anthropology associated

with American anthropologists of

the early 20th century that focuses

on providing objective descriptions

of cultures within their h

interpretive anthropology A theoretical

position in anthropology that focuses

on using humanistic methods,

such as those found in the analysis

of literature, to analyze culture and

discover the meaning of culture to its

participants

innovation An object or a way of

thinking or behaving that is new because

it is qualitatively diff erent from

existing forms.

norms Shared ideas about the way

things ought to be done; rules of behavior

that refl ect and enforce culture

plasticity The ability of human individuals

or cultural groups to change

their behavior with relative ease.

postmodernism A theoretical position

in anthropology that focuses on

issues of power and voice. Postmodernists

suggest that anthropological

accounts are partial truths refl ecting

the backgrounds, training, and social

positions of their authors.

subculture A group within a society

that shares norms and values signifi -

cantly diff erent fro

Symbol Something that stands for

something else. Central to language

and culture

symbolic anthropology A theoretical

position in anthropology that focuses

on understanding cultures by discovering

and analyzing the symbols that

are most important to their members.

Vaules Shared ideas about what is true,

right, and beautiful.

collaborative ethnography Ethnography

that gives priority to cultural

consultants on the topic, methodology,

and written results of fieldwork.

consultant A person from whom

anthropologists gather data. Also

known as an informant or sometimes

an interlocutor.

cultural relativism The notion that

cultures should be analyzed with

reference to their own histories and

values rather than according to the

values of another culture.

culture shock Feelings of alienation

and helplessness that result from

rapid immersion in a new and different

culture.

ethnology The attempt to fi nd general

principles or laws that govern cultural

phenomena

Human TerrainSystem/HTS is a United States Army,Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC)support program employing personnel from the social science disciplines - such as anthropology,sociology, political science, regional studies and linguistics - to provide military commanders and staff with an understanding of the local population (i.e. the "human terrain") in the regions in which they are deployed.[1][2][3][4][5]

informed consent An aspect of fieldwork ethics requiring that the researcher inform the participants of the intent, scope, and possible effects of the study and seek their consent.

informant A person from whom

anthropologists gather data. Also

known as a consul

interlocutor Someone who takes part in a conversation, often formally or officially.

participant observation The fieldwork

technique that involves gathering cultural

data by observing people's behavior

and participating in their lives.

partner A person from whom

anthropologists gather data. Also

known as an informant or sometimes

an interlocutor

Racism The belief that some human

populations are superior to others

because of inherited, genetically

transmitted characteristics

Bronislaw Malinowski One of the most important 20th-century anthropologists. Father of modern Anthro research Bronislaw Malinowski (egocentric dick)

Franz Boas American[3] anthropologist and a pioneer of modern anthropology who has been called the "Father of American Anthropology".

Trobriand islands SW Pacific in Solomon Sea; attached to Papua New Guinea area 170 square miles (442 square kilometers)

Baffinland An island of eastern Nunavut, Canada, west of Greenland and south of the Queen Elizabeth Islands. It is the fifth-largest island in the world. Studied by Franz Boas

Edward Burnett Tylor English anthropologist regarded as the founder of cultural anthropology. His most important work, Primitive Culture (1871), influenced in part by Darwin's theory of biological evolution, developed the theory of an evolutionary, progressive relationship from primitive to modern cultures.

Lewis Henry Morgan American ethnologist and a principal founder of scientific anthropology, known especially for establishing the study of kinship systems and for his comprehensive theory of social evolution.

-All societies progress through stages

-Justifies European Rule

Margaret Mead was an American cultural anthropologist who featured frequently as an author and speaker in the mass media during the 1960s and 1970s

Edward Said was a Palestinian American literary theorist and public intellectual who helped found the critical-theory field of post colonialism.

call system The form of animal communication

composed of a limited

number of sounds that are tied to

specifi c stimuli in the environment

code switching Moving seamlessly and

appropriately between two diferent

languages.

conventionality The notion that, in

human language, words are only arbitrarily

or conventionally connected

to the things for which they stand

lexicon the vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge.

morpheme The smallest unit of language

that has a meaning.

phoneme The smallest significant unit

of sound in a language.

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis The hypothesis

that perceptions and understandings

of time, space, and matter are

conditioned by the structure of a

language.

secret societi

sociolinguistics The study of the relationship

between language and culture

and the ways language is used in

varying social contexts.

syntax A system of rules for combining

words into meaningful sentences

semantics The system of a language

that relates words to meaning.

universal grammar A basic set of

principles, conditions, and rules that

form the foundation of all languages.

agriculture A form of food production

in which fields are in permanent

cultivation using plows, animals, and

techniques of soil and water control.

efficiency(in food production) Yield

per person per hour of labor

invested.

foraging Fishing, hunting, and collecting

vegetable food.

horticulture Production of plants

using a simple, nonmechanized

technology and where the fertility

of gardens and fi elds is maintained

through long periods of fallow

hunting and gathering a society in which most or all food is obtained from wild plants and animals

globalization The integration of

resources, labor, and capital into a

global network.

industrialism The process of the

mechanization of production

nomadic pastoralism A form of pastoralism

in which the whole social group

(men, women, children) and their animals

move in search of pasture.

pastoralism A food-getting strategy

that depends on the care of domesticated

herd animals.

peasants Rural cultivators who produce

for the subsistence of their

households but are also integrated

into larger, complex state societies.

population density The number of

people inhabiting a unit of land (usually

given as people per square mile

or kilometer).

productivity Yield

per person per unit of land

sedentary Settled, living in one place.

subsistence strategies The pattern of

behavior used by a society to obtain

food in a particular environment.

swidden cultivation a plot of land cleared for farming by burning away vegetation.

transhumant pastoralism A form of

pastoralism in which herd animals

are moved regularly throughout the

year to diff erent areas as pasture becomes

available

anthropology The scientifi c and

humanistic study of human beings

archaeology The subdiscipline of

anthropology that focuses on the

reconstruction of past cultures based

on their material remains.

biological anthropology The subdiscipline of anthropology

that studies people from a biological

perspective, focusing primarily on

aspects of humankind that are

genetically inherited.

cultural anthropology The study of

human thought, behavior, and lifeways

that are learned rather than

genetically transmitted and that are

typical of groups of people.

culture The learned behaviors and

symbols that allow people to live in

groups; the primary means by which

humans adapt to their environment;

the ways of life characteristic of a

particular human society

emic Examining societies

using concepts, categories, and

distinctions that are meaningful to

members of that culture.

linguistic anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of how language influences social life.