SOCI 172 EXAM 1

Population Health Basics

1. Front: Population Health
   Back: The health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group.

2. Front: Population Representative Data
   Back: Data that accurately reflects the characteristics of a specific population.

3. Front: Demography
   Back: The study of populations, including size, structure, and changes over time.

4. Front: Social Stratification
   Back: The division of society into hierarchical layers based on factors like income, education, and race.

5. Front: Social-Demographic Perspective
   Back: An approach that examines how social and demographic factors influence health outcomes.

Life Expectancy and Mortality

6. Front: Life Expectancy at Birth (e0)
   Back: The average number of years a newborn is expected to live. US: 78.4 in 2023.

7. Front: Cohort Life Expectancy at Birth
   Back: The average lifespan of a specific group (cohort) born in the same year.

8. Front: Meaning of Life Expectancy at other ages (e20)
   Back: The average number of years remaining for someone who has already reached a certain age (e.g., 20).

9. Front: Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000)
   Back: The number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births. US: 5.61 in 2022.

10. Front: Age-Specific Mortality Rate (per 100,000)
    Back: The number of deaths per 100,000 individuals in a specific age group.

Data Sources and Studies

11. Front: National Institute on Aging (funder)
    Back: A U.S. organization that funds research on aging and health.

12. Front: Add Health
    Back: A longitudinal study on adolescent health and its impact on adulthood.

13. Front: Health and Retirement Study
    Back: A long-term study tracking health, retirement, and aging in the U.S.

14. Front: NHANES
    Back: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; assesses health and nutritional status.

15. Front: NHIS
    Back: National Health Interview Survey; collects data on health behaviors and conditions.

16. Front: NSFG
    Back: National Survey of Family Growth; focuses on family life and reproductive health.

17. Front: Census Data
    Back: Demographic and social data collected by the U.S. Census Bureau.

18. Front: Vital Statistics Data
    Back: Records of births, deaths, marriages, and divorces.

19. Front: National Center for Health Statistics
    Back: A U.S. agency that provides health data and statistics.

Epidemiologic Concepts

20. Front: Lexis Diagram
    Back: A graph showing the relationship between age, period, and cohort effects.

21. Front: Age, Period, Cohort
    Back: Three factors influencing health outcomes: age (life stage), period (current time), and cohort (birth year).

22. Front: Biomarker Data
    Back: Biological measurements (e.g., blood pressure, cholesterol) used to assess health.

23. Front: Contextual Data
    Back: Information about the environment or conditions surrounding individuals.

24. Front: Prevalence
    Back: The proportion of a population with a specific condition at a given time.

25. Front: Incidence
    Back: The rate of new cases of a condition in a population over a specific period.

Historical and Modern Health Trends

26. Front: Case & Deaton study
    Back: Research on rising mortality rates among middle-aged white Americans due to "deaths of despair."

27. Front: Modern medicine & epidemiologic transition
    Back: The shift from infectious diseases to chronic diseases as leading causes of death.

28. Front: Chronic diseases
    Back: Long-term health conditions like heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.

29. Front: W.E.B. DuBois
    Back: A sociologist who studied racial disparities in health and society.

30. Front: Abdel Omran
    Back: Proposed the theory of epidemiologic transition.

31. Front: Epidemiologic Transition Stages
    Back: 1. Pestilence & Famine, 2. Declining Pandemics, 3. Receding Pandemics, 4. Degenerative Diseases, 5. Delayed Degenerative Diseases.

32. Front: Clean water interventions
    Back: Public health measures that reduced waterborne diseases.

33. Front: Influenza epidemic of 1917-18
    Back: A global pandemic that killed millions worldwide.

34. Front: US leading causes of death
    Back: Heart disease, cancer, accidents, Covid-19, and stroke.

35. Front: US Covid-19: 3rd leading cause in 2020
    Back: Covid-19 was the third leading cause of death in the U.S. in 2020.

36. Front: Epidemic vs. Pandemic
    Back: Epidemic = localized outbreak; Pandemic = global outbreak.

37. Front: Smoking Pandemic
    Back: The widespread health impact of tobacco use.

38. Front: Master Settlement Agreement
    Back: A legal agreement between tobacco companies and U.S. states to compensate for smoking-related health costs.

39. Front: Opioid Epidemic
    Back: A surge in opioid addiction and overdose deaths in the U.S.

40. Front: SUPPORT for Patients & Communities Act
    Back: Legislation to address the opioid crisis.

41. Front: HIV/AIDS Pandemic
    Back: A global health crisis caused by the HIV virus.

42. Front: Whack-a-Mole lesson
    Back: The idea that solving one public health problem often leads to the emergence of another.

Policy and Interventions

43. Front: MLK on Population Health
    Back: Martin Luther King Jr. emphasized that health disparities are rooted in social injustice.

44. Front: National Strategy to Increase Life Expectancy
    Back: A plan to improve health outcomes and reduce disparities.

45. Front: Impact of Affordable Care Act (ACA) on Health Insurance Coverage
    Back: The ACA expanded health insurance coverage to millions of Americans.

46. Front: Five Key Recent Trends in US Population Health
    Back: Trends include rising chronic diseases, health disparities, and the impact of Covid-19.

47. Front: Key Findings: Gazing into the Crystal Ball (Graham et al. 2024)
    Back: Predictions about future population health trends.

Covid-19 Impact

48. Front: What Covid-19 Did to US Pop Health in 2019-21
    Back: Covid-19 caused a decline in life expectancy, with disproportionate impacts by race.