Metaphysics: : Examines the nature of being.

Fallacy: Faults that weaken arguments.

Rhetoric: : Language used intentionally to influence others beliefs, attitudes and behaviours.

Logic: The organized body of knowledge that evaluates arguments. The purpose is to develop techniques that allow us to distinguish good arguments from bad. All philosophers use logic within their reasoning.

Ockham's Razor - States that we should avoid multiplying entities beyong necessity. This is significant to philosophy as it examines the strengths of premises within an argument.

Principle of Sufficient Reason - Leibniz: Everything must have a cause or reason. This is significant to philosophy as it examines the strengths of premises within an argument.

Monism - Thales: Reality is composed of one all encompassing thing. All things are an expression of that one thing. It is significant to philosophy as it attempts to discover the origins of reality/being

Dualism - Plato: Reality consists of two fundamentally different things, mind and matter. This is significant to philosophy as it examines the origins of reality/being.

Pluralism - Anaxagoras: Reality is composed of more than two things. All particular things are an expression of these. This is significant to philosophy as it attempts to discover the origins of reality/being.

Determinism - Laplace: Everything that occurs is caused by preceding causes or events. It is significant to philosophy as it examines the origins of human nature/being.

Libertarianism - Sartre: People have the free will to do whatever they please. It is significant to philosophy as it examines the origins of human nature/being.

Compatibilism - Hobbes: You are free as long as you are not physically restrained from making your own choices. It is significant to philosophy as it examines the origins of human nature/being.

Materialism - Hobbes: Everything that exists is due to physical matter. This theory is significant to philosophy as it examines the origins of reality/being.

Subjective Idealism - Vasubandhu: Everything is created by ones own mind.This is significant to philosophy as it examines the origins of reality/being.

Objective Idealism - Berkley: The mind of god gives everything its existence. It is significant to philosophy as it examines the origins of reality/being.

Logical Positivism - Comte: Only that which can be empirically verified is valuable. This is significant to philosophy as it examines the origins of reality and the universe.

Pragmatism - James: Truth is that which serves a practical purpose. This is significant to philosophy as it examines the origins of reality and the universe.

Antirealism - Spender: All that is real is formed by our own perceptions, beliefs and language. This is significant to philosophy as it examines the origins of reality and the universe.

Agent Causation - O'Connor: Free will is the cause of all events and human behaviour. This is significant to philosophy as it examines the relationship between good and evil.

Divine command theory - Ockham: Morality is based within God's commands, but we still have the free will to choose whether to follow those commands or not. This is significant to philosophy as it examines the relationship between good and evil.

Pyrrhonism - Pyrro: All judgments of good and evil are relative to the one judging. This is significant to philosophy as it examines the relationship between good and evil.

Perceiver relativity theory - Leibnitz: The reasoning behind good and evil is beyond human understanding, and can only be fully understood by a higher being. This theory is significant to philosophy as it is a theistic justification of why evil exists in the world.

Objective/subjective time - St. Augustine: Time is a predetermined linear path which may feel personalized to the individual, but is only known to god. It is significant to philosophy as it examines the origins of time and its relationship to the universe.

Absolute time - Isaac Newton: Time exists independent of anyone who experiences it. It exists independent of the universe and can only be understood within mathematical terms. It is significant to philosophy as it examines the origins of time and its relationship to the universe.

Zen buddhist time - Dogen: Time is a series of events. It is significant to philosophy as it examines the origins of time and its relationship to the universe.

Subjective relative time - Immanuel Kant: Time is a mental construct of humans, created simply to organize our experiences more. It is significant to philosophy as it examines the origins of time and its relationship to the universe.

Objective relative time - Albert Einstein: Time is relative to the speed and position of the observer. It is significant to philosophy as it examines the origins of time and its relationship to the universe.

Metaethics: The attempt to answer fundamental philosophical questions about the nature of ethics.

Ethical Egoism - Rand: This theory encourages people to pursue their own self-interest. This is significant to philosophy as it examines the origins of morality.

Stoicism - Zeno: Humans must conform themselves to the ways of the universe. This is significant to philosophy as it examines the origins of morality.

Virtue Ethics/Golden Mean - Aristotle: The ideal form of moral behaviour between two extremes. This is significant to philosophy as it examines the origins of morality.

Utilitarianism - Mill: The best action is that which provides the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people. This is significant to philosophy as it examines the origins of morality.

Categorical Imperative - Kant: Humans have universal moral duties of conduct. This is significant to philosophy as it examines the origins of morality.

Agent Intellect - Al-Farabi: The self is comprised of the human mind, which is guided by a higher being. This theory is significant to philosophy as it examines the origins of personal identity.

Self as Soul - Avicenna: The self is the soul, though unbound to the body it strives to bring it to intellectual and moral “Perfection.” This theory is significant to philosophy as it examines the origins of personal identity.

Continuity of Consciousness - Locke: The self is formed from memories. This theory is significant to philosophy as it examines the origins of personal identity.

Cartesian Self - Descartes: Thinking and being self-aware comprises the self. This theory is significant to philosophy as it examines the origins of personal identity.

Materialism as Self - Ryle: Human beings are a product of their own biology. This theory is significant to philosophy as it examines the origins of personal identity.

Bundle of perceptions - Hume: The self is a collection of characteristics that are constantly changing. This theory is significant to philosophy as it examines the origins of personal identity.

Self as a Social Animal - Taylor: We are who we are in relation to other people. This theory is significant to philosophy as it examines the origins of personal identity.