Hydras attach to rocks via their basal disk.
Cnidarians exhibit radial symmetry.
Most Cnidarians go through a planulae larval stage.
Sessile means attached to one spot, non-mobile.
Key parts of a cnidarian anatomy include:
Tentacles
Mouth
Gonads
Gastrovascular cavity
Cnidocytes (stinging cells on tentacles)
Cnidocytes are stinging cells that hold nematocysts.
Nematocysts are harpoon-like stingers.
Function of the basal disk: to stick Cnidarians to surfaces
Corals live together as reefs by building on previous generations.
Jellyfish feed by catching and holding food with stinging cells on tentacles and dragging it into their mouth.
Polyp:
Tube-shaped
Sessile
Medusa:
Free-floating
Umbrella-shaped stage
Sexual reproduction:
Sperm and egg released into water (external fertilization).
Asexual reproduction:
Budding occurs off of polyps to produce medusas.
Nematocyst: Harpoon-like stinger.
Cnidocyte: Cell that holds the nematocyst.
Cnidaria:
Hydrozoa
Scyphozoa
Anthozoa
Porifera:
Asconoid
Syconoid
Leuconoid
Medusa releases sperm and egg.
Fertilization forms a zygote, then a planulae larva.
Larva becomes a polyp.
Polyp forms into a medusa through budding or strobilation.
Porifera: Asymmetrical
Cnidaria: Radial symmetry
Sponges circulate water through their body using choanocytes that use flagella to pull water through pores.
Sponges defend themselves with spicules or chemical/physical defenses from epithelial cells.
Sponges ingest food by absorbing it through cells.
Man-of-War is NOT a Jellyfish because it is a colony of hydrazoa and not a true medusa or single organism.
Osculum: Large central opening.
Ostia: Pore cells that cover the body.
Epithelial cells: Thin, flat outer covering.
Collar cells (Choanocytes): Flagellum-covered cells that draw water through.
Amoebocytes: Between cells, carry nutrients.
Spicules: Support system made of silica or calcium.
Sponges release sperm into the water to drift to other sponges to fertilize eggs.
Multicellular
Sessile
Eukaryote
Filter feeder
Heterotrophic
Aquatic
A blood fluke is an endoparasite.
Hookworms can be contracted by walking barefoot.
Roundworms and flatworms exhibit bilateral symmetry.
Endoparasite: Lives in inner tissues and intestines.
Ectoparasite: Lives on outer tissues and skin.
Earthworms feed by consuming soil, which passes from the crop to the gizzard to the intestine.
Tapeworms and other parasites obtain nutrients through diffusion through their skin.
Earthworm cells receive nutrients through a closed circulatory system.
Endoparasites have a thick outer covering called a tegument to avoid being consumed by their hosts.
Platyhelminthes:
Planarian
Tapeworm
Fluke
Nematoda:
Ascaris
Trichinella
Hookworm
Annelida:
Earthworms
Marine worms
Leeches
Host consumes infected food.
Worms breed in the host's intestine.
Eggs are excreted in waste.
The process repeats.
Most parasitic worm infections are acquired through infected, undercooked meat.
Cnidarians: Radial symmetry, no coelom.
Worms: Bilateral symmetry, pseudocoelom, coelom.
Earthworm Digestive Tract:
Crop: Chemical digestion and storage
Gizzard: Physical digestion
Intestine: absorbs nutrients
Segmentation in annelids allows for complex movements, support, and protected body systems, which allow for more complex organs.
Gastropods: Snails, slugs
Cephalopods: Squid, octopus
Bivalvia: Clam, oyster
Visceral mass
Foot
Mantle
Visceral mass = Guts
Foot = Locomotion
Open in bivalves and gastropods
Closed in cephalopods
moving or sliding using their foot
Coelom
Object gets lodged in mantle and Oyster forms protective nacre shell
with a mucus filled mantle cavity
Adductor muscles
Allows for more complex organs
Locomotion
divided into numerous appendages
Tentacles grab, arms hold
Radula
Mucus and pigment
Incurrent/excurrent siphons
Thick outer tissue layer
Cerebral Ganglion
No, they use a Thicker mantle instead
Trochophore
Doesn't resemble adult form
More advanced organs
filter blood and fluids like a simple kidney
multiple hearts in squid, Single Chambers
Annelids have pumping vessels not true hearts
Jointed appendages
Exoskeleton
*Molting
Centipedes belong to the class Chelipoda (they have jaws)
Millipedes belong to the class Diplopoda
Lobster is a member of the subphylum Crustacea
Bees, spiders, shrimp, mantids and lobsters
Release hormones with molting
Predators of insect pests
Mouthparts modified into fangs/pincers
Arachnid body = Cephalothorax + abdomen
Spinnerets direct flow of silk
True Insects have 3 pairs of legs and 3 body sections
Crustaceans have 2 pairs of antennae
Walking legs, number of antenna, breathing organs, body plan,
exoskeleton, coelom, invertebrate, jointed appendages,
Crabs and crayfish have 5 pairs of walking legs
Decapoda
8 legs, no antenna, pedipalps, pincers, tracheae
Terrestrial = tracheae
Spiders= book lungs
*Green Gland
Liquefying and sucking out the liquid using pedipalps
Egg, larva, pupa, adult
Multiple visual units in one structure
Multiple body plans and appendages
Regurgitating blood from previous hosts into the new host
Crustacea
Shrimp
Fiddler Crab
Uniramia
Ladybug Insecta
Centipede Chelipoda
Millipede Diplopoda
Praying Mantis Insecta
Chelicerata
Scorpion
Tarantula
Deer Tick
Mites
*Young insects are born miniature version of the adult, like a praying mantis = incomplete
Butterflies go through the process of complete metamorphosis.
Sharks are in the class Chondrichthyes.
Bony Fish are in the class Osteichthyes.
The major respiratory organs of a fish are gills.
Depending on the type of fish they can use external reproduction if they are bony fish and internal if they are a shark, skate, or ray.
If they lay eggs they are called Oviparous whereas if they were to internally hatch the eggs before birth they would be referred to as ovoviviparous
Lampreys and Hagfish are what type of fish (Jawless/ Jawed) also called Agnathans
They feed by rasping off flesh
Sharks teeth are considered to be modified Scales
All fish are vertebrate meaning that they have a hard structure that surrounds their spinal cord.
Tubules in the kidneys of fish that help with salt and water balancing are called Nephrons
Freshwater fish produce large amounts of urine, because they have abundant water
The pattern of movement of blood and water over the gill structure is called Counter-current flow
A fish has Single loop circulation
A sharks gills have slits with no bony covering
Bony fishes gills have slits covered by an operculum
A shark will die if it stopped swimming as they have no operculum to pump water
Bony fish are able to stay still (pumping water over its gills) using their Operculum
Sharks stay afloat in the ocean using Oily livers
Bony fish stay afloat while swimming using Swim bladders filled with air
Sharks use a modified large intestine called a Spiral valve which is designed to give Maximum Surface area in small space
Some Sharks are warm blooded and Swim constantly allowing them to have warmth
fish lateral line function: to sense is pressure
sharks ampullae of lorenzini : sense electro magnetic radiation
Ray finned bony fish
Lobe finned
Three orders of amphibians?
Apoda
Anura
Urodela
urodela: Salamanders
Anura: Frogs
Apoda: Caecillians
Amphibian reproduction is external
Frog and toad reproduction is called Amplexis
33% of all frogs are endangered
Missouris giant salamander is Called Hellbender
Special about the amphibians skin is that it allows them to breath and is water permeable
egg, tadpole, froglet, Adult frog
Amphibians use Lungs / Skin to breathe
Amphibians hearts have 2 loops of circulation and 3 chambers in the heart
Megalodon
Sharks are able to extend their jaws because their skulls are not connected to one another
Sharks are able to be the largest fish in the oceans Because Cartilage makes them lighter but still Strong
Four Types of Reptiles:
Crocodilian
Serpentes
Lacertilia
Testudines
Examples of Each Type:
Crocodile
Snake
Lizard
Turtles
Reptiles are ectothermic and need to bask and then get out of the sun during the day.
Reptile skin is dry and water tight.
What is the amniotic egg and what problem did it solve? Whatertight Shelled egg They can lay eggs on land
Heat sensing organ is some snakes? Pit organ
How do snake smell their prey? With the tongue
What is the The organ called that snakes use to smell their prey? Jacobsons organ
Why is it incorrect to refer to a snake as venomous? venom has to be injected
Triangle head
Slit Pupils
Pit organs
Thick body
Rattle
Difference between carapace and the plastron on a turtle or tortoise? carapace=top plastron = Bottom
What is the difference between ovoviviparous and oviparous? Ovo: Keep eggs internally ovip: Lays eggs
Unique about a birds skeleton? rigid hollow
Bird's Breast Bone: Large and fused into one solid piece for large muscle attachment (flight).
Two Types of Feathers:
Contour
Down
Contour Feather: for flight
*Down Feather: to preserve haet
Bird's Lungs: Surrounded by air sacs (7 way air flow).
Bird's Heart and Lungs:
higher metabolism
makes them endothermic
*Reptiles Heart: 3 chamber ((crocodile : 4 chamon)
*Bird Heart: chamber
Lecture Notes Flashcards
*Green Gland
*Young insects are born miniature version of the adult, like a praying mantis = incomplete