Rhetorical Situation SOAPS SPACE-E IS EXIGENCE(WHAT MADE ME TYPE THIS ESSAY OR DRAFT THIS SPEECH)

RHETORICAL APPEALS ETHOS-CREDIBLE/TRUSTWORTHY. SHARED VALUES——>RELATEABLE/LIKEABLE PATHOS-EMOTIONAL/VALUES(SPARKS ACTION)—->ETHOS ALSO SUPPORTS APPEARANCE LOGOS-ORGINIZATION/HARD DATA AND HARD NUMBERS(EFFECTIVE FOR LASTING AN ARGUMENT) BEARABY MAKES U TAKE A QUIZ TO FIGURE OUT THE PRODUCT(BC YOU DONT KNOW PRODCUT) NUZZIE DOESNT, EXPECTING YOU TO KNOW THE PRODUCT BEFOREHAND! ——————————————————————————————————————————- 1/18 Notes Stasis Theory -Aristotle -Prewriting process(invention) -Later refined and utilized by the Romans Four part, sequential(this is important), process to discussing and approaching an issue 1.Fact 2.Definition 3.Quality 4.Policy Definite Questions-Specific people, places, times Indefinite Questions-Does not refer to the above

Definite;”Should Oliver Brown send his black daughter to a white school in Kansas”

Indefinite- “Are segregated schools, despite potentially being equal in terms of facilities and options, ever truly equal?”

1. Fact 1. Evidence 1. What is the data available to us 2. What data is missing 3. Broad-any data relevant to the topic at hand 2. Did something happen? 1. What happened? 2. When did it happen? 3. What was happening before it happened 2. Definition 1. Defining key terms that are brought up 2. Categorizing the issue-is it similar to other issues that exist? 3. What is the nature of the issue? 3. Quality 1. Serious or subjectiveness of the issue 2. Definition and quality have some blurred lines 3. Quality is more subjective than the above two 1. “Good””bad””useless” 4. Who is affected by the issue? 5. If we were to do nothing, what would occur? 1. If something in our dataset was not to exist would we find ourselves in a similar situation? 4. Policy 1. What should be done about it? 2. What can we do? 3. Who should do what? 4. By when should they do that? 5. This is when you begin to create your thesis. 1. Your purpose

Stasis Theory and Discussion: When we have discussion, we have to apply Stasis Theory for talking. If you put a confederate flags in front of buildings (SOUTH) Racist?

FACT: [NO OPINION] Which area? How many flags? DEFINITION: [NO OPINION] What does it mean to be racist? How does racism affect people?

2/6/24 Rubric -Create a defensible claim for a thesis[has to be argumentative] -Stylistically know where/how to add the one sentence in your paragraph -Add more signaling words -Evidence should be integrated WITH commentary -Ample evidence -Example: POINT B SHOULD BE A BYPRODUCT OF POINT A, POINT C SHOULD BE A BYPRODUCT WITH BOTH B AND A,[WITHOUT POINT A, B CAN’t EXIST, C CAN’t EXIST, etc…]

-Sophistication -A consistent trait in the paragraph[VIVID AND PERSUSAIVE STYLE] -NUANCED ARGUMENTS -Use the rhetorical situation -Articulate the implications & limitations of an argument -situate it within a border context -DO NOT SAY “WHILE SOME PEOPLE ARGUE” -CONTEMPLATE THE FLAWS-AP TEST! -MAKE THE FLAWS SEEM LESS SEVERE/THE PROS “OUTWEIGHING” THE CONS -Are we compelling the audience? A logic reasoning for the audience? -All the tools we have used from now, vocab, devices, we have to employ them in the essay -Is my essay fun? Do I have the devices?

Integrating Quotations -Brevity -Small, little quotes that are to the point -QUOTE INTEGRATION SHOULD BE SEAMLESS -Use brackets for POV’s and clarifying pronouns -Brackets should NOT CHANGE the MEANING

“[he] is the center of the universe” is a thought that serves as “one example of the utter wrongness […][he] tends to be automatically sure of”

Essay Organization 1. Classical(Aristotelean) a. 5 sections 2. Rogerian a. 6 sections Section =/= Paragraph(DOES NOT EQUAL)

Classical 1. Introduction Section a. Introduce the topic i. Topic, not thesis b. Pique the audience’s interest i. Draw/capture their attention c. Emphasize Ethos i. Not ONLY ethos, but a higher dosage compared to the other two 2. Narration(Exposition) 1. Background material on topic 1. Factual information 2. Importance of the topic 1. Pathos 3. Keep in mind your audience 1. The background details you give are based on your perceived knowledge of your audience 1. How you want to make something important depends on your assumption of how the audience feels about the topic. 4. Confirmation 1. Establish your main ideas 2. Develop your main ideas 3. Have a clear line of reasoning 1. Extend from the previous two sections 4. Evidence and reasoning 5. Specific 6. Logos 5. Refutation 1. Counter argument/Counterclaim 2. *Bring up anticipated concern your audience may have about your proposal 3. *Bring up an optional viewpoint or proposal that exists/being discussed 1. This belongs before the confirmation as opposed to after 2. Utilize this strategy when there are fewer proposals/more popular, widely known ideas 6. Conclusion 1. Pathos 1. Satisfying 1. Section that is most likely to be remembered 2. Don’t repeat/don’t summarize 1. Combine what you have said into an universal statement/idea/call to action 3. Rogerian 1. Carl Rogers 1. Introduction💥 1. Introduce topic 1. Background information 2. Introduce the problem 2. Opposing position 1. Demonstrate(show) that you understand the oppositions goal/views/beliefs 1. It’s difficult to persuade somebody if you don’t even know why they have the opinions they do 2. Treat the opposing position with respect 3. Context for the opposing views 1. Evidence, scenarios, situations, etc. that demonstrate where the opposing view is valid 4. Your position 1. Your thesis 2. Your major points 3. How your position differs to that of the opposing viewpoint 5. Context for your position 1. Evidence, scenarios, situations, etc that demonstrate where the opposing view is valid 2. Logos 6. Benefits 1. Appeal to the opposition by showing how they would benefit from adopting elements of your positions 4. VOCAB 1. Clause- A part of a sentence which contains a subject & verb 1. Independent Clause- Clause that can stand alone 2. Dependent Clause- Clause that is unable to stand alone by itself 2. Simple Sentence- One independent clause 3. Compound Sentence- Two or more independent clause 4. Complex Sentence- One independent clause, and one or more dependent clause 5. Compound Sentence- Two independent clauses 6. Diction-Word Choice - Discussed as adjective + diction 7. Syntax- Sentence structure 8. Kairos - Time - When an argument is delivered 9. Hypophora- Asking a question to the audience, then immediately answering the question 10. Polysyndeton- a stylistic device in which several coordinating conjunctions are used in succession in order to achieve an artistic effect. 11. Deductive and inductive reasoning are forms of logical reasoning 1. Deductive reasoning 1. General premise -> Specific conclusion 2. If all statements in an argument are true, then the conclusion must be true as well. 1. If any of the statements in the argument are false, then deductive reasoning breaks down 3. Deductive reasoning can be presented in the form of a syllogism(syllogism means brief overlook of an argument) 2. Inductive Reasoning 1. Observations(specifics)-> general conclusion 1. Relevant Evidence 2. Conclusion that relates to said evidence 3. Guiding question/prompt/inquiry to sparks/fuels the evidence

Question: ‘How did my living room window break?’ Evidence: There is a baseball on the ground The baseball wasn’t there when I left for work this morning There were kids playing outside across the street There are currently no kids playing across the street CONCLUSION: A kid hit or threw a baseball through the window, and all the kids ran away

Toulmin Method ⁃ Stephen Toulmin, philosopher, created the Toulmin as a general structure in which to analyze arguments ⁃ It can be used as a template for delivering arguments as well ⁃ 1. Claim ⁃ Statement of opinion the author wants the audience to accept as true. ⁃ 2. Grounds(EVIDENCE) ⁃ Facts, data, reasoning, support in which the claim is based ⁃ 3. Warrant(commentary) ⁃ What links the grounds to the claim ⁃ Keep the audience in mind ⁃ Claim - Ground relationship relies on assumptions on behalf of the audience ⁃ Understanding the assumptions the audience is going to come to you ⁃ How clear/direct you are in writing about the warrant relates to what assumptions you think the audience will have about the grounds/claim. ⁃ 4. Backing ⁃ Additional evidence that is meant to support the warrant. ⁃ 5. Qualifier ⁃ Adding a limit to your claim ⁃ Acknowledge that your claim is not true in all scenarios ⁃ The difference between: ⁃ Football causes CTE ⁃ Always/never statement = We DO NOT want to have these ⁃ Football may cause CTE ⁃ Football players have a higher chance of developing CTE ⁃ Some, may, go a long way in an argument ⁃ 6. Rebuttal ⁃ Preemptively address any counter arguments to your claim ⁃ Mode of Development ⁃ Narration Essay ⁃ Speeches biographies, Letters etc.. ⁃ Narration can provide structure for your essay ⁃ A story to implant an emotion towards the audience ⁃ Abject Naturalism ⁃ We must avoid ⁃ Abject Naturalism is a point to point thing of what we do ⁃ It contributes nothing to our essay ⁃ Verisimilitude ⁃ Appearance of being true or real ⁃ Doesn’t have to be completely factual ⁃ Definition ⁃ What a term means and how it differs form other terms in it’s class ⁃ Can use synonyms or negation(telling us what it is not) ⁃ Can define by using enumeration ⁃ Or discussing it’s origin and development ⁃ Description(Paints a picture) ⁃ Instead of a person anecdote, give you an appearance of being objective; imagery ⁃ Depends on the details you give ⁃ Exemplification ⁃ Used to illustrate or explain a general point or an abstract concept ⁃ Like Gladwell’s essay about civil rights ⁃ Use one concept, then you refer back to it as you bring ⁃ Process Essay ⁃ Explains how to do something or how something occurs ⁃ Sequence of steps -> particular result ⁃ Has to be chronologically ⁃ Relation to previous step has to be clear ⁃ Imperative Mood: Any command, request, order, warning ⁃ SUBJECT IS OMITTED[ ie. Heat the oven to 100 degrees, rather than You heat the oven to 100 degrees ⁃ Identify what is critical/important ⁃ DONT FALL IN TRAP, to describe everything is important ⁃ If you have lots of jargon, it is important to defining them for abstract concepts ⁃ We don’t want to have diversity in syntax ⁃ MAINTAIN VERBS! ⁃ Classification- start small then go huge ⁃ Division is the opposite of classification(go huge then go small) ⁃ When classifying, you must understand there is a broader topic and even a smaller topic of what you are classifying ⁃ COMPARISON AND CONTRAST ⁃ TWO OR MORE THINGS TO COMPARE AND CONTRAST ⁃ What are we specifically compare and contrast? ⁃ Will drive my essay and analysis ⁃ Edge audience to one side over other ⁃ TWO WAYS TO STRUCTURE ⁃ Point to point ⁃ Subject by subject ⁃ CAUSE AND EFFECT ⁃ PROCESS is how something happens, cause and effect explains the why ⁃ Provide predictions for what happens ⁃ One cause can provide multiple things ⁃ Causation does not equal correlation Intuition is first, reasoning is second Jonathan Heidt David Hume “Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions and can never pretend to any other office Han to serve and obey”(1793).

WEIRD Culture Western, Educated, Rich, Democratic, Sociocentric cultures

Jonathan Heidt - Pillars of Morality Moral taste buds 1. Care/harm 1. This foundation is related to human’s long evolution as mammmals with attachment systems and an ability to feel (and dislike) the pain of others. It underlies virtues of kindness, gentleness, and nurturance. 2. Fairness/cheating 1. This foundation is related to reciprocal altruism. It generates ideas of justice, rights, and autonomy. Note, this isn’t to so much about pure equality, but more emphasis on proportionality, 3. Loyalty/betrayal 1. This foundation is related to human’s long history as tribal creatures be able to form shifting coalitions. It underlies virtues of patriotism and self-sacrifice for the group. It is active anytime people feel that it’s “one for all, and all for one.” 4. Authority/subversion 1. This foundation was shaped by human’s long primate history of hierarchical social interactions. It underlies virtues of leadership and followership, concluding deference to legitimate authority and respect for traditions. 5. Sanctity/degradation 1. This foundation as shaped by the psychology of disgust and contamination. It underlies religious notions of striving to live in an elevated, less carnal, more noble way. It underlies the widespread idea that the body is a temple which can be desecrated by immoral activities and contaminants(an idea not unique to religious traditions) 6. Liberty/oppression 1. This foundation is about the feelings of reactance and resentment people feel toward those who dominance the, and restrict their liberty. It’s intuitions are often in 7. What are some determining factors 1. Nature 8. Oxytocin/Endorphins/Serotonin 1. “Here and the now” 9. Dopamine 1. The future, more 10. “Here and Now” and “The Future” suppress each other 11. Progressive/Conservative split 1. Example: Charity 1. Welfare, homeless 2. Charitable contribution 2. Novelty-seeking (d4 7r) 1. Less Tolerance for monotony 2. Pursue new/unusual 3. Impulsive, exploratory, excitable, fickle, quick-tempered, extravagant 3. Same, but different 4. Low novelty-seeking 1. Reflective,rigid,loyal,stoic,frugal,slow-tempered

Nurture Novelty 7R allele + variety of political opinions = liberal ideology From US to China